HOLT World History CHAPTER 27 THE HUMAN JOURNEY

HOLT World History CHAPTER 27 THE HUMAN JOURNEY World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 1: Setting the Stage for War Section 2: World War I: A New Kind of War Section 3: The Russian Revolution Section 4: The Terms of Peace Section 5: Creating a “New” Europe HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Setting the Stage for War Objectives: l Explain why rivalries increased among European nations. l Identify the military alliances that existed at the beginning of World War I and explain how they changed by late 1915. l Explain why the Balkans were a “powder keg. ” 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Setting the Stage for War Nationalism, Imperialism, and Militarism l Europeans leaders thought their goals could only be achieved by force 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Setting the Stage for War The System of Alliances l The Triple Alliance – Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary l The Triple Entente – France, Russia, and Great Britain 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Setting the Stage for War The Balkan “Powder Keg” l Provided outlet to the sea l Pan-Slavism 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Setting the Stage for War Mobilization of Europe l Russia supported Serbia l Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Setting the Stage for War The War Expands l Japan joined Great Britain and France l Italy signed secret treaty with Great Britain, France and Russia for share of spoils l Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Austria. Hungary and Germany 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY World War I: A New Kind of War Objectives: l Identify the advantages that each side had in World War I. l Explain how new technology affected the way in which World War I was fought. l Explain what led the United States to join the Allied Powers. 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY World War I: A New Kind of War The Belligerents l Central Powers l Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire l had more rapid communications and movement, and better army l Allied Powers 9 l Britain, France, Russia (left 1917), Italy (joined 1915), Japan, US (joined 1917) l had more soldiers, better industry, and better navy HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Schlieffen Plan l German plan to fight France and Russia 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY World War I: A New Kind of War Innovations in Warfare l Machine gun l U-boat l Poison gas l Airplane l Tank 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Machine Guns: Arms Race HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Machine Guns: Arms Race HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Artillery HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Railroad Guns HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Tanks (Little Willie) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY St. Chamond HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Whippet HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Renault Tank HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Spad HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Sopwith Pup HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Albatross D HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Handley-Page Bomber HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Airships/Zeppleins HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY U-Boats HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Poison Gas HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY World War I: A New Kind of War Early Years of the War l Fighting on Gallipoli l Attempted invasion of SE Europe (1915) l Naval warfare l 2 major naval battles l Germany resorted to Unrestricted Submarine Warfare l The stalemate l a war of attrition l Trench warfare 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Trench Warfare 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY World War I: A New Kind of War The United States and World War I 29 l Contraband l Goods supplied by a neutral to a belligerent l Germans sunk US ships l Propaganda about German atrocities l Using selected information to back up your side l Atrocities=war crimes l Democratic ideals l Make the world safe for democracy HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution Objectives: l Identify the events that led to the Russian Revolution. l Explain how the Communists came to power. l Explain how Russia’s revolution affected its participation in World War I. 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution Russia in World War I l Russia not prepared to fight in World War I l Army poorly supplied l When Ottoman Empire entered war, British supplies were cut off. l Lost battles 1914 -1917 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution Russia in World War I l Problems at home l Poverty, few roads, few railroads l Suppression of democracy l Weak Duma (legislature) 32 l Duma dissolved when it wanted reforms HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolutions l First Revolution l March 1917 (February 1917 under Russian calendar) l Czar had taken personal command of the army l Lost their support after a series of food riots l Abdicated his throne and later imprisoned (Executed in 1918) l Provisional Government formed l Led by Alexander Kerensky l In competition with Petrograd Soviet (wanted more radical change than the Provisional Government) 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Nicholas, Alexandra, and Family HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Alexander Kerensky HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolutions l Second Revolution l Led by Socialists l Wanted economic quality for all people l November 1917 (October 1917 under Russian calendar, known as Red October) l Provisional Government overthrown by the Bolsheviks l Most powerful faction of socialists l Led by V. I. Lenin 36 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY V. I. Lenin (Ulyanov) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution Lenin and the Bolsheviks l Formed basis of communism l Appealed to the poor Russian masses l Renamed themselves the Communist Party l Nationalized all businesses, industries, and farms l Created an economic disaster 38 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution Peace and Civil War l Lenin signed peace treaty with Central Powers l Treaty of Brest-Litovsk l March 1918 l Surrenders 1/3 of the country to Germany l Decision angered the Allied, who landed troops in Russia l US, British, French, Japanese troops tried to keep Russia in the war 39 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution Peace and Civil War l Russian Civil War l 1918 -1921 l Groups wanted to restore the royal family l Reds (Communists) vs. Whites l Bolsheviks formed the Red Army 40 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution l https: //youtu. be/c. V 9 G 1 QUIm 7 w 41 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Russian Revolution Peace and Civil War l Russian Civil War l Civil War was brutal l Led to famine across the country l War was over by 1921 l 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed 42 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Terms of Peace Objectives: l Define the Fourteen Points. l Explain how the war ended. l Identify the disagreements that the peacemakers faced. 43 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Woodrow Wilson l US President 19121920 l History professor form Princeton University l Founded NCAA l Governor of New Jersey l Very idealistic HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Terms of Peace Defeat of the Central Powers l Arrival of American troops l Began to arrive in spring, 1918 l First offensive was in August, 1918 l Revolution in Austria-Hungary l October 1918 l Austria and Hungary broke up l Hapsburg Empire dissolved 45 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Fourteen Points l. By late October Germany was ready to surrender. l. Surrender offer based on U. S. peace plan, the Fourteen Points l. Peace plan created with no input from the Allies HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Fourteen Points 1. 2. An end to all secret treaties. Freedom of the seas for all nations. 3. Removal of all economic barriers. 4. Reduction of national armaments. 5. Fair adjustment of colonial claims. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Fourteen Points 6. Establishment of a “general association of nations. ” l Plan rejected by the Allies l Britain and France wanted revenge HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY End of World War I l. U. S troops enter battle in August, 1918. l. Germany asks for an armistice in early November. l. Armistice takes effect on November 11, 1918 at 11 AM. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Terms of Peace The Paris Peace Conference l Problems facing the peacemakers l some countries were excluded l territorial conflicts l Reparations and peacekeeping l Allies wanted Germany to pay l League of Nations 50 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Terms of Peace What Kind of Peace? l Paris Peace Conference l Began January 1919 l conflicting viewpoints l United States wanted fair settlement l Many Allies wanted to punish Germany and break it up into regions occupied by Allied forces 51 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Creating a “New” Europe Objectives: l Identify the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. l Explain how territories were redivided after the war. l Explain how the League of Nations was structured. 52 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Treaty of Versailles l Peace treaty that ended World War I. l Germany forced to sign the treaty. 1. Germany blamed for starting the war. 2. Germany had to make reparations to the Allies. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Treaty of Versailles 3. Germany lost territory. 4. Germany stripped of colonies. 5. Army limited to 100, 000. 6. Not allowed to have tanks and airplanes. 7. Could not manufacture large weapons. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Treaty of Versailles l. Treaty caused huge resentment. l. Other treaties: l. Austria-Hungary split into two nations l. New nation created in Eastern Europe. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 5: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Creating a “New” Europe The Treaty of Versailles l Terms for Germany l No draft l Maximum of 100, 000 men l No heavy l artillery l military planes l Submarines l Navy limited 56 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Creating a “New” Europe The League of Nations l Organization l assembly, council, secretariat, World Court l Mandates l colonies of defeated powers ruled by “advanced” governments l The start of the League l 42 member nations grew to 59 by the 1940 s 58 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Europe 1914 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Europe 1919 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Reparations Cycle ara Rep s tion Lo an s Germany War Loa ns Britain/France United States HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Reparations Cycle l. In October 1929, the New York Stock Market crashed. l. Destroyed the cycle. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON