HOLT World History CHAPTER 16 THE HUMAN JOURNEY

HOLT World History CHAPTER 16 THE HUMAN JOURNEY Exploration and Expansion Section 1: The Scientific Revolution Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Scientific Revolution Objectives: l Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution. l Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought. l Describe some of the important scientific discoveries of this period. 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Scientific Revolution From Magic to Science l During the late 1500 s and early 1600 s people rejected traditional explanations for events l Began to experiment for themselves and examine nature l Believed that you had to doubt all things: Nothing could be accepted unless you could prove it l Gave way to new discoveries in astronomy, physics. Chemistry, and anatomy l Known as the Scientific Revolution 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Scientific Revolution From Magic to Science l Natural Philosophers l Relied on religious teachings, and works of Greeks and Romans to explain nature l Roger Bacon l Late 1200 s l favored a system of scientific experimentation 4 l Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, and discovery HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Scientific Revolution The New Study of Nature l Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, and discovery l Printing press allowed information to spread quickly l Scientists formed conclusions based on observation l New tools and instruments to observe and measure 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Scientific Revolution Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy l Copernicus l Early 1500 s l Developed the heliocentric theory (the sun was the center of the universe) l Kepler l Early 1600 s l proved Copernicus’ theory l Galileo l 1600 s: Disproved the geocentric theory (Earth the center of the universe) l invented telescope 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Scientific Revolution Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy l Newton l Late 1600 s l Developed laws of motion and gravitation l Vesalius l 1540 s l studied anatomy l Harvey l Studied the circulation of blood 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 1: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Scientific Revolution The Triumph of the New Science l René Descartes l 1630 s l Felt that everything should be questioned l “I think, therefore I am. ” l Francis Bacon l 1620 s l Believed in the power of observation l Other scientific discoveries included: calculus, the microscope, and chemistry 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Foundations of European Exploration Objectives: l Identify technological advances that made European exploration possible. l Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution. l Explain the role mercantilism played in the colonies. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Foundations of European Exploration Improvements in Technology l Period of exploration and discovery began in the 1400 s l Wanted to search for new trade routes to Asia l Began because of a number of changes: Technological advances l Mapmaking l Navigation – development of compass l New ships – traveled farther, faster, and under greater variety of weather conditions (Caravel) 10 l Improved maps and better ships made long distance sailing possible HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Foundations of European Exploration Economic Changes l More powerful central governments wanted to enhance their prestige l Commercial Revolution l Coins based on fixed values: standardization of money encouraged international trade and banking l Joint-stock companies: Spread the risk of investment 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 2: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Foundations of European Exploration Mercantilism l New theory of mercantilism made explorations desirable l Economic theory that states there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take wealth away from another country l Components of mercantilism 1. Balance of trade 1. 2. 12 Regulate trade to increase country’s wealth; tariffs, subsidies Grants of money to help businesses 2. Colonies – colonies were not allowed to manufacture or import goods from other nations HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 2: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Foundations of European Exploration Social Change l Social factors led people to take part in exploration 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 13 Desire for religious freedom and to spread religion Desire for quick profits Massive overcrowding in Europe Curiosity and spirit of discovery Hope of wealth or better way of life HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain Objectives: l Describe what the early Portuguese explorers accomplished. l Discuss how the voyages of Christopher Columbus influenced the world. l Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered. 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 3: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain Portugal’s First Explorers l Portugal and Spain took the lead in exploration l Both countries led the way in exploration of overseas territories l Portugal l Spurred by Prince Henry the Navigator l Claimed coast of Africa l Africa – slave, gold, ivory trade l Found a way around Africa to India l Bartolomeu Dias - discovered route into India Ocean l Vasco da Gama – overseas trade route to India and East Indies 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain Christopher Columbus l Columbus sailed west in a search for a route to Asia l Claimed islands in the Caribbean for Spain l Landed at San Salvadore l Led to the Columbian Exchange l Exchange of products, ideas, and diseases from the Old World to the New World and vice versa 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain The Impact of Columbus’ Voyages l Columbian Exchange – American foods were introduced in Europe; Spanish brought horses to the Americas; smallpox and other diseases 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain Dividing the New Lands l Treaty of Tordesillas l Spain took most of Central and South America and Philippines l Portugal claimed lands in Brazil, Africa, Asia, and East Indies 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan l Amerigo Vespucci – explored America l America named in his honor l Balboa l Named the Pacific the South Sea though his exploration of Panama l Magellan 19 l Pacific Ocean; proved that the western lands were a New World, not a part of Asia HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain Portuguese Expansion l Conquered lands in East Indies l Took control of ports in east Africa l allowed Portuguese to control others’ access to Asian goods and markets 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain The Slave Trade l Triangular trade l merchants shipped goods to Africa l slaves were sent to the Americas l merchants sent products to Europe 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain The Slave Trade l African kingdoms and slavery l not all African kingdoms participated in slave trade, some native populations in Africa were depleted l Used to replace Native American populations l Known as the “Middle Passage” 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Voyages of Portugal and Spain The Portuguese Empire Weakens l Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain expansion and colonization 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Objectives: l Describe how Spain extended its power abroad and at home. l Explain why the Dutch were successful in the 1600 s. l Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined. 24 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Spain’s Colonial Empire l Conquests l Hernan Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán (Aztec Empire) and built Mexico City in its place l Colonial government and society l horses, guns, disease weakened native Aztec populations; Spain grew wealthy 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Spain’s Colonial Empire l Conquests l Francisco Pizzarro conquered Inca Empire in Peru l Empire was in the middle of a civil war l Empire weakened and then he kidnapped the Emperor 26 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Spain’s Colonial Empire l Concentrated its efforts in the Western Hemisphere l Built a huge empire in Central and South America l Developed a centralized form of government for the colonies in America l 4 Vice-royalties l Viceroys were representatives of the king who reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 4: THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Spain’s Colonial Empire l Spanish Kings increased power at home through a series of wars of European conquest l l l Drained Spain’s wealth Attempted to dominate Europe Unable to do so because of the following problems 1. 2. 3. 4. 28 Trade imbalances Misuse of resources Poor economic policies Inefficient government l Spanish empire began to decline in the late 1500 s HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Spain’s Colonial Rivals l French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of Spain’s wealth and lands 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Charles V l Holy Roman Emperor – had conflicting demands between being king of Spain, supporting German aims, and defending Christian Europe l Divided lands among members of his family 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires Philip II l King of Spain – controlled every facet of government, directed Spanish Inquisition 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires The Rise of the Dutch l The Netherlands break from Spain l practiced guerrilla warfare l northern provinces declared independence from Spain l Dutch society l l l 32 seafaring people – able to control European trade practiced religious tolerance Amsterdam became a lively cultural center and center of commerce HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Spanish and Dutch Empires The Rise of the Dutch l The Dutch colonial empire l trade was controlled by Dutch East India Company l did not force their own culture or religious beliefs on other societies l Established colonies in India, East Indies, and the Americas 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON