World History Chapter 23 War Revolution Section 3

World History Chapter 23 War & Revolution

Section 3: The Russian Revolution

Daily Objectives • Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia. • Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin.

Daily Objectives • Describe how Communist forces triumphed over anti-Communist forces.

I. Background to Revolution • Unprepared both militarily & technologically • No competent military leaders • Nicholas II lacked ability & training • Industry unable to produce the weapons needed

I. Background to Revolution • Soldiers sent to the front without rifles

A. Beginnings of Upheaval • Alexandra, Czar Nicholas II’s German-born wife • Falls under the influence of • Grigori *Rasputin, an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man

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A. Beginnings of Upheaval • While Nicholas was away at the battlefront, Alexandra consulted Rasputin • Rasputin was assassinated in December 1916

B. The March Revolution • *Petrograd, Russia’s capital city • Women & workers marched through the city demanding peace & bread • A general strike shut down all the factories in the city

B. The March Revolution • The Duma, or legisalative body forced Nicholas II to step down ending the 300 -year-old Romanov dynasty • Provisional government was headed by Alexander Kerensky

B. The March Revolution • Kerensky decided to carry on the war • *soviets, councils composed of representatives from the workers & soldiers start to form • Most radical group the Bolsheviks

II. The Rise of Lenin • Bolsheviks, a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats • *lead by V. I. Lenin • dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system

II. The Rise of Lenin • April 1917, with help from German military leaders, Lenin returns to Russia • Lenin wanted to gain control of the soviets of soldiers, workers & peasants & use them to overthrow the provisional government

II. The Rise of Lenin • Bolsheviks promised an end to the war, redistribution of all land to the peasants, the transfer of factories & industries from capitalists to committees of workers & the transfer of gov’t power from the provisional gov’t to the soviets

III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power • November 6, 1917 Bolshevik forces seized the Winter Palace the seat of the provisional gov’t • *Bolsheviks, soon renamed themselves the Communists • Lenin had promised peace, but it would mean the humiliating loss of Russian territory

III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power • *Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia gained peace but lost eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland & the Baltic provinces

IV. Civil War in Russia • Opposition to the Communists came from groups loyal to the czar, liberals, anti-Leninist socialists, Communist White Russians, Allied forces & Ukrainians

IV. Civil War in Russia • The Communists (Red) Army were forced to fight • First serious threat came from Siberia • Anti-Communist (White) forces attacked westward almost to the Volga River

IV. Civil War in Russia • Attacks also came from the Ukraine in the Southeast • White forces swept through Ukraine & advanced almost to Moscow • Each advance by the Whites was stopped

IV. Civil War in Russia • On July 16, 1918 members of the local soviet in the Urals murdered the czar & his family

V. Triumph of the Communists • Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force • *Organized by Leon Trotsky the commissar of war • reinstated the draft, insisted on rigid discipline

Leon Trotsky

V. Triumph of the Communists • deserters & those who refused to obey orders were executed on the spot • the disunity of anti-Communist forces weakened their efforts • Political difference among the Whites created distrust

V. Triumph of the Communists • Whites had no common goals • Communists had revolutionary zeal & convictions • war communism meant gov’t control of banks & industries, seizing of grain & centralization of state administration

V. Triumph of the Communists • Presence of foreign armies on Russian soil arose Russian patriotism • By 1921, the Communists were in total command of Russia • Hostile toward the Allied Powers

the czar the peasants the czar, the officials, the nobles, and the middle classes

Section 4: End of the War

Daily Objectives • Report how combined Allied forces stopped the German offensive. • Explain how peace settlements brought political & territorial changes to Europe & created bitterness & resentment in several nations.

I. The Last Year of the War • - Allies defeated on the Western front • - Russia’s withdrawal from the War • - War weariness beginning to take its toll • + Entry of the United States

A. A New German Offensive • Erich von Ludendorff decided to make one final military gamble a grand offensive in the west • Stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne on July 18, 1918 • Supported by French, Moroccan & American troops

A. A New German Offensive • Gamble had failed • Allied forces began making a steady advance toward Germany • September 29, 1918, General Ludendorff informed German leaders that the war was lost

B. Collapse & Armistice • Allies unwilling to make peace with the autocratic imperial government • November 3, 1918 sailors in the town of Kiel mutinied. • Workers & soldiers took over civilian & military offices

B. Collapse & Armistice • William II left the country on November 9, 1918 • Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert created a democratic republic

B. Collapse & Armistice • November 11, 1918, the new German government signed an • armistice, a truce, an agreement to end the fighting.

C. Revolutionary Forces • A radical socialists group formed the German Communist Party and tried to seize power • Social Democratic government crushed the rebels & murdered the leaders of the German Communists

C. Revolutionary Forces • leaving German middle class with a deep fear of communism • Austria-Hungary also experienced disintegration & revolution • Ethnic groups sought independence

C. Revolutionary Forces • Austria-Hungary empire replaced by independent republics of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia

II. The Peace Settlements • In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris

A. Wilson’s Proposals • *U. S. President Woodrow Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy & international cooperation • *Fourteen Points - his basis for a peace settlement

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A. Wilson’s Proposals • 14 points - reaching the peace agreements openly, reducing armaments, ensuring *selfdetermination - the right of each people to have its own nation

B. The Paris Peace Conference • Secret treaties & agreements for territorial gains caused problems • National interests also caused problems • *David Lloyd George, prime minister of Great Britain wanted Germans to pay for this war

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B. The Paris Peace Conference • *France was guided by its desire for national security • Georges Clemenceau, the French premier said the French desired revenge & security against future German aggression

B. The Paris Peace Conference • Clemenceau wanted Germany stripped of all weapons & vast payments • reparations, payments to cover the costs of the war • And a separate Rhineland as a buffer between France & Germany

B. The Paris Peace Conference • Big three: Wilson, Clemenceau & Lloyd George • Germany was not invited • Big three quarreled • *Wilson wanted a world organization, the League of Nations, to prevent future wars

B. The Paris Peace Conference • Clemenceau & Lloyd George wanted to punish Germany • Wilson’s peacekeeping organization was granted • He agreed to make compromises on territorial arrangements

B. The Paris Peace Conference • Clemenceau gave up his wish for a Rhineland & accepted a defensive alliance with Great Britain & the United States • U. S. Senate refused to ratify this agreement, which weakened the Versailles peace settlement

C. The Treaty of Versailles • *Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28, 1919 was a treaty signed with Germany that many Germans felt was a harsh peace

C. The Treaty of Versailles • Germans were unhappy with *Article 231, the so-called War Guilt Clause, which declared that Germany & Austria were responsible for starting the war

C. The Treaty of Versailles • Germany ordered to pay reparations for all damage • Germany had to reduce its army, cut back its navy & eliminate its air force • Alsace & Lorraine returned to France

C. The Treaty of Versailles • Sections of eastern Germany were awarded to a new Polish state • land along both sides of the Rhine was made a demilitarized zone

D. A New Map of Europe • Both Germany & Russia lost territory in the east • The Austrian-Hungarian Empire disappeared • New nations: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria & Hungary

D. A New Map of Europe • Romania acquired new lands & Serbia formed the nucleus of a new state called Yugoslavia • principles of self-determination • ethnic minorities: Germans in Poland, Hungarians, Poles & Germans in Czechoslovakia

D. A New Map of Europe • The problems of ethnic minorities within nations would lead to later conflicts • Ottoman Empire broken up • France took control of Lebanon & Syria • *Britain received Iraq & Palestine

D. A New Map of Europe • These acquisitions were called *mandates, a nation officially governed by another nation as a mandate on behalf of the League of Nations but did not own the territory

E. The War’s Legacy • Death toll of 10 million • Total war • Freedom of the press & speech were limited • Strong central government • Opened the door for greater insecurity

E. The War’s Legacy • Revolutions broke up old empires, which led to new problems

on November 11, at 5 A. M. , Paris time in Paris at 11: 00 A. M. Paris time They rejoiced.

Chapter Summary