WORLD HISTORY Unit 8 WORLD WAR II WORLD

WORLD HISTORY Unit 8 “WORLD WAR II” WORLD HISTORY MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

I. The Treaty of Versailles A. 1919 - WWI ends, Treaty punishes G 1. “sole responsibility for the war” B. New G Gov’t = Weimar Republic, a struggling democracy 1. Many political parties emerge including a) Fascist (National Socialist G Workers Party “Nazis”) b) Communist (“Reds”) c) Social Democrats

“What is life? Life is the nation. The individual must die anyway. Beyond the life of the individual is the nation. ” Adolf Hitler, describing Fascist belief

II. Early Nazi Party Propaganda A. Propaganda--devices used to manipulate attitudes 1. Joseph Goebbels – Nazi minister of prop. 2. Nazi Party Prop. Promoted… a) Food and Work for People b) German Nationalism c) Anger, Frustration d) Social Darwinism e) Military Pride f) The Aryan Race, Anti-Semitism g) Glorification of Hitler 3. Nazi Party Propaganda Vilified… a) Democracy and Communism b) Non-Aryan races (especially Jews) c) Opponents of the gov’t d) The Treaty of Versailles

Early Nazi Propaganda "Two million dead. Did they die in vain? Never! Front soldiers! Adolf Hitler is showing you the way!"

Early Nazi Propaganda "Come to the NSDAP Meeting. " At the bottom, there are the following notes: “War injured and the unemployed half price, Jews not admitted. ”

Early Nazi Propaganda “Work and Food"

Early Nazi Propaganda "Enough! Vote Hitler!"

III. The Rise of Adolf Hitler A. 1919 - WWI 1. earned iron cross for bravery 2. blames G loss on Jews and Communists 3. is humiliated by Treaty of V B. 1921 - Joins Nazis 1. rises to leadership 2. 1923 - Beerhall Putsch – protests Weimar Republic 3. imprisoned, martyred 4. writes Mein Kampf 5. Nazi Party grows 6. 1933 – Nazis elected to control Reichstag 7. Hitler appointed Chancellor of G

“If we review all the causes of the German collapse, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem and especially the Jewish menace. ” ~ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924

"Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want? Food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, exploiters, regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists! Demand the lifting of the illegal ban on his speaking!

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IV. The New USSR A. 1921 – Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP) 1. Mixture of socialism and capitalism B. Stalin/Trotsky Rivalry 1. 1922 – Lenin suffers stroke, dies in 1924 2. Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin 3. Stalin convinced party of: - Rapid industrialization - Opposition to Trotsky’s “worldwide revolution” - 1929 - Trotsky exiled to Mexico, killed C. Stalin’s 5 -Year Plan 1. Gov’t control over economy, industrialization 2. 1928 -1940 - Economy grows 400% 3. Horrid working conditions in factories 4. Collectivization of farms

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D. Stalin’s Terror 1. Kulaks – well off peasants who resisted collectivization 2. “Dekulakization” – removal of kulaks to Siberia 3. The Great Purges - 1933 – Stalin’s killing or removal of enemies and opponents - fueled by Stalin’s power and paranoia III. Fascism in Italy A. Fascism – “nation-first dictatorship, ” anti-Liberal, anti -Marxist, usually anti-Semitic B. Benito Mussolini 1. Angered by Treaty of V 2. Strong Nationalist 3. Took advantage of post-war chaos Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

famous for bombastic public speeches delivered in settings surrounded by his Fascist followers and military supporters. AP Wide World Photos Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Anti-Semitic Propaganda Anti-Semitic Beliefs: • Jews believe in the “wrong religion. ” – Blamed for killing of Jesus – “Jews are capable of evil only the devil could do. ” "Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal. . . "

Anti-Semitic Propaganda • Jews were portrayed to practice improper business tactics – seen as bankers – “clannish and secretive” they give jobs to their own – want to rule the world economy "The God of the Jews is money. To earn money, he commits the greatest crimes. He will not rest until he can sit on a huge money sack, until he has become the king of money. "

Anti-Semitic Propaganda “No Jews Wanted Here. ” "The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like the number six. . . “

The Jew: “The inciter of war; the prolonger of war. ”

“The Eternal Jew”

V. Germany – A Totalitarian State A. Hitler gains total control 1. 1933 - Reichstag building is set on fire “This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found. Every Communist deputy must this very day be strung up. ” ~ Herman Goering, Commander of Nazi Airforce a) Hitler blames the Communists b) Hitler demands he receive emergency powers to “protect the nation” c) The Enabling Act: most civil liberties are suspended “Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed. ” 2. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws a) German citizens must be of German or related blood b) All others were not citizens but “subjects” including Jews c) Jews were seen as a threat to German purity 3. 1935 -- Aryanization Begins

Jews in Europe before WWII

German Rhineland

IV. World War II Begins A. Breaking the Treaty of V 1. Hitler created jobs by re-building military 2. 1935 - G signs Axis alliance w/ Fascist Italy Benito Mussolini 3. 1936 – G marches troops into the G Rhineland B. Br and Fr Concerned 1. Hitler meets w/ Neville Chamberlain (PM of Br) to discuss G’s breaking of Treaty of V Neville 2. Policy of appeasement is adopted by Br and Fr Chamberlain C. G Aggression Continues 1. 1938 - G annexes Au and Sudetenland (in Czech. ) 2. Br & Fr are angry but. . continue to appease 3. 1938 - G attacks and annexes Czech. 4. 1939 - Hitler signs non-aggression pact w/USSR 5. 1939 - G attacks w/“blitzkrieg” annexes Poland a) Poland’s 3 million Jews brutalized, sent to camps D. 1939 - Allies (Br + Fr) declare war on Axis Powers (G, Italy, Japan)

German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”

E. Japan 1. Fascist military has taken over the gov’t 2. Has very few natural resources F. Operation Orient 1. Axis Powers’ plan to conquer the world 2. 1935 – Italy annexes parts of N Africa 3. 1937 -- J annexes Manchuria, China 4. 1940 – G annexes Netherlands, Bel, Fr 5. 1940 - Battle of Br continues 6. 1941 – J annexes Indochina 7. USSR next?

V. U. S. Enters WWII A. The War in Eu 1. 1941 - Under Axis Control: a) most of Eu, N. Africa, much of SE Asia

B. U. S. responds to J aggression 1) U. S. ends all trade with J 2) U. S. moves naval fleet to Pearl Harbor C. J Attacks U. S. – Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 1. 2, 388 U. S. soldiers killed 2. U. S. declares war on J

Stalingrad

VI. The Allies vs. The Axis A. The Allies’ War Strategy 1. Stop G, win war in Eu first B. Hitler’s Biggest Blunder 1. Sept. 1942 – Hitler attacks USSR a) Goal: Take Stalingrad (industrial center on the Volga River) b) Guerilla warfare and winter hits G soldiers c) G soldiers low on supplies, food, ammo, warmth d) G soldiers unable to defeat USSR e) Meanwhile, G army is thinner in W. Eu Stalingrad

C. Nov 1942 - “Operation Torch” 1. U. S. attacks the “soft under-belly” – N. Africa, Italy 2. 1943 - Italy surrenders, Mussolini is executed by his people

Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais

D. June 1944 - “Operation Overlord” 1. D-Day: June 6, 1944 a) Goal: Drive G out of Fr b) Allied attack on Normandy Fr c) largest amphibious attack in World History http: //www. britannica. com/dday/art-40584 d) over 1 million Allied troops landed on shore safely e) August 1944 – G retreat out of Paris

Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais

Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais

E. Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge 1. G counter-attack on Allies in Bel 2. G fails – Allies advance toward G

VII. The Holocaust “It was the destruction of the world in miniature form. ” ~Hugo Gryn Auschwitz survivor

Slave Labor

Mauthausen • Concentration Camp that specialized in working prisoners to death at the rock quarry. • Prisoners carried 100 lb. stones up 186 steps

A. Life in the Concentration Camp 1. Prisoners endured: • Inadequate nutrition • Over-crowding • Unsanitary facilities • Disease infestation • Endless labor • Sadistic punishments

Life in the Concentration Camp • 2 -3 per wooden bunk. • Usually less than 400 calories per day. • “Pillar punishment” – prisoners hands tied behind their backs and suspended from the ceiling tied to their wrists. • “Standing cell” – 4 prisoners in 1 -sq yd

B. The Final Solution 1. 1941 – Nazi leaders met in Wannsee, Germany 2. The Final Solution = the Nazi answer to the “Jewish Question. ” What to do with the Jews? 3. “These people must disappear from the face of the earth. ” ~Heinrich Himmler, 1943 Speech to Nazi Leaders

Auschwitz Deadliest Extermination Camp – 1. 6 million deaths

Gypsies • A minority ethnic group living in Germany and Austria mostly of Egyptian decent. • Considered to be “unclean” and an “inferior mixed race. ” • Almost 50% of all Gypsies in Europe were killed – 500, 000

Jehovah’s Witnesses • Do not believe in bearing arms – asked not to be placed in Nazi army. • Considered enemies of Germany. • Forced to wear purple triangle patches • Up to 5000 killed in camps.

Homosexuals • Considered by the Nazis to be “unwholesome. ” • Forced to wear pink triangle patches. • Up to 15, 000 were killed in camps.

C. The Gas Chamber 1. Zyklon B -- Hydrogen cyanide (a pesticide) used in the gas chambers. • 1942 – Aushwitz used 8. 2 tons of Zyklon B. • 1943 – 13. 4 tons. • 1944 – 19. 6 tons.

D. The Crematorium 1. Used to burn dead bodies. 2. Located at extermination camps: Buchenwald, Dachau, Mauthausen, Gross. Rosen, and Auschwitz. • Designed to burn thousands of bodies a day.

The Crematorium • In 1945, Russian liberators of Auschwitz said, the bricks of the smoke stacks were damaged because the “strain on the furnaces was colossal. ” • “The conveyor-belt principle” was used to quickly dispose of dead bodies.

E. Nazi Medical Experiments 1. Prisoners were human “guinea pigs. ” • Studied women’s wombs following injections of toxic chemicals. • Cut off limbs and reattached limbs from other prisoners. • Mustard-gas poisoning tests.

Nazi Medical Experiments • Infected prisoners w/diseases – yellow fever, smallpox, etc. • Studied reactions to extreme heat or cold, oxygen deprivation at high altitudes. • Attempted to change eye colors with chemical “eye washes. ”

Nazi Medical Experiments • Skin was boiled off of bones to be used and studied. • Forced prisoners to injest Polygal 10 (a coagulant), prisoner was then shot at pt blank range to see if victim would lose blood at a slower rate. • Sterilization of “undesirables. ”

F. Liberation 1. Freeing of Concentration Camps “We have burned our bridges behind us. We can no longer turn back, nor do we want to turn back. We shall go down in history as the greatest statesmen of all time, or as the greatest criminals. ” ~Joseph Goebbels, 1943

Liberation “There is no doubt that this is the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world. ” ~British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, upon witnessing camp atrocities

G. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials 1. Nazis put on trial 2. U. N. Vows to “Prevent Future Genocide” 3. 12 Nazis sentenced to death 4. many sentenced to prison • Adolf Eichmann captured 1961, sentenced to death

H. The Statistics 1. Number of Jews Killed: • 6 million total • 2/3 of European Jews • 1/3 of Jews in the world • 98. 5% of Jews in Poland were killed – 2, 950, 000

VIII. Allied Victory A. V-E Day (Victory in Europe) 1. USSR attacks Berlin, G 2. U. S. attacks Nuremberg, G 3. Hitler commits suicide as USSR approaches 4. G Surrenders May 7, 1945

IX. War in the Pacific A. J Refuses to Surrender 1. J navy is nearly destroyed 2. J army still had 2 million soldiers B. Island Hopping 1. Island Battles at Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa 2. J fought to the death 3. Many Americans died in fierce fighting 4. Kamikaze suicide missions

C. The Atomic Bomb 1. April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Truman is Pres 2. July 1945 – atomic bomb test in New Mexico 3. Allies warn J a) “surrender or face complete destruction” b) J ignores ultimatum 4. Truman considers J invasion but decides to “save American lives”

5. Aug 6, 1945 - Hiroshima a) 80, 000 instantly dead b) 4 sq miles flattened and charred black

6. Aug. 8, 1945 - USSR pushes J out of Manchuria 7. J refuses to surrender 8. Aug 9, 1945 - Nagasaki a) 40, 000 instantly dead 9. Aug 15, 1945 - J surrenders (V-J day)

X. July 1945 - The End of World War II is Near A. En route to G, USSR influences E. Eu countries B. Potsdam Conference 1. E. Eu: Democratic or Communist? a) Truman demands free elections in E. Eu b) Stalin refuses – USSR needs security “A freely elected government in any of these Eastern European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow. ” ~ Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference

C. What to do with G? 1. G divided into 4 zones a) US, Fr, Br, and USSR 2. Berlin divided same way

D. The Berlin Airlift 1. 1948 - USSR blocks traffic into W. Berlin 2. U. S. planes dropped 400, 000 tons of supplies into W. Berlin 3. 1949 – USSR ends blockade

The Berlin Airlift

E. Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech “A shadow has fallen upon the scenes lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its communists intend to do in the future or what are the limits, if any to their explosive tendencies. I believe an “iron curtain” has descended across Europe. ” ~ Winston Churchill, 1946

XI. The Truman Doctrine: Containment A. Goal: Stop the spread of communism 1. Greece, Turkey $180 million “The United States contributed $341, 000, 000 toward winning World War II. This is an investment in world freedom and world peace. The assistance that I am recommending for Greece and Turkey amounts to little more than 1 tenth of 1 per cent of this investment. It is only common sense that we should safeguard this investment and make sure that it was not in vain. ” ~ President Truman, 1947 2. The Marshall Plan a) $13. 4 billion to Eu to rebuild 3. NATO – anti-Soviet military alliance 4. Warsaw pact – anti-NATO military alliance

XII. Decolonization (1945 -1980) A. The colonies desired: 1. Self Determination 2. Racial equality 3. Personal dignity B. Eu desired, after WWII: 1. peace, concentration at home 2. a movement away from imperialism

XIII. Continued Cold War Conflict A. USSR After Stalin 1. 1953 – Stalin Dies, Nikita Khrushchev emerges 2. De-Stalinization begins in USSR 3. USSR concerned - Khru’s “loose grip” 4. Khru hardens his stance against the West B. 1961 – Khru orders Berlin Wall be built around W. Berlin C. 1961 -The Bay of Pigs 1. Pres. Kennedy’s and CIA’s failed plan to assassinate Cuban communist Fidel Castro

D. 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis 1. USSR nuclear missiles in Cuba 2. JFK works a deal to avert nuclear war 3. Khru forced by USSR to step down

“Duck and Cover!” http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-UVH 8 YRXsqo

XIV. End of the Cold War A. Détente – 1970’s relaxing of Cold War tensions B. 1984 – Pres. Reagan is re-elected 1) Largest landslide victory in U. S. history = mandate

C. Late 1980’s -- U. S. Winning the Cold War 1) USSR economy , U. S. economy 2) Pres. Reagan’s military spending a) 1980 – $150 billion b) 1988 – $300 billion 3) USSR couldn’t keep up (military spending, space race, etc = $$) 4) U. S. fell into debt a)1980 – $80 billion in debt b)1990 – $220 billion

D. Reagan and USSR Leader Mikhail Gorbachev 1) First positive relations b/t USSR, U. S. leaders 2) Gorbachev agrees to allow some freedom a) glasnost – some political freedom b) perestroika – some economic freedom

E. The Fall of the USSR 1) 1989 – E. Eu nations (Poland, Czech, Romania, Bulgaria etc) hold elections 2) E. Ger allows E. Berliners to move to W. Berlin 3) Berlin Wall is torn down 4) 1990 – E and W Ger unify 5) Dec. 1991 – USSR Republics hold elections, become independent 6) USSR no longer exists – Cold War Ends, Boris Yeltsin rules 7) 2000 – Vladimir Putin rules a “managed democracy”