Periodization 5 1750 1914 Chapter 16 Vocabulary Atlantic

Periodization 5: 1750 - 1914 Chapter 16 Vocabulary: Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes

#1 Thomas Jefferson • Born in Virginia in 1743, son of a planter & surveyor • Heavily influenced by John Locke’s “natural rights” • Principal author of the Declaration of Independence • Succeeded Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785 • Third President of the United States • Died July 4, 1826

#2 Simon Bolivar • 1783 – 1830 • One of South America’s greatest generals • His victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela • aka El Liberator (The Liberator) and “The George Washington of South America”

#3. John Locke • 1632 -1704 • English philosopher • Developed political and economic theories during the Enlightenment • Wrote Two Treatises on Government in which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that do not protect their natural rights • Influenced Thomas Jefferson

#4. North American Revolution • aka The American Revolution • 1775 -1787 • Struggle for independence from British rule • Launched with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 • Britain loses • Generated a new federal constitution in 1787, joining 13 formerly separate colonies into a new nation • Was the first in a series of upheavals that rocked the Atlantic world and beyond in the century that followed • In other words • Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (NOT Canada) against British rule (17751787) • Assured property rights and established republican government in place

#5. French revolution • 1789 -1815 • Massive dislocation of French society • Overthrew the monarchy • Destroyed most of the French aristocracy • Launched radical reforms of society that were mostly lost under Napoleon’s imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy • Proceeded in stages and included the era known as the Terror or “Reign of Terror”

# 6. Louis XVI • 1754 -1793 • King of France from 17741792 • His unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution • Was deposed by the National Convention • Executed by guillotine

#7. Marie Antoinette • 1755 -1793 • Daughter of Austria’s Maria Theresa • Sister to Joseph II • Queen of France, wife of Louis XVI – Queen during the French Revolution • Disliked by many French citizens • Was found guilty of treason • Was guillotined

#8. the three estates st nd rd -1 , 2 , 3 • Three major social classes prerevolutionary France • 1 st Estate: Clergy • 2 nd Estate: Nobility • 3 rd Estate: “everyone else” – the Bourgeosie and masses

Another Look…

Something to think about…

#9. ancien regime • Nobles, High Clergy AND their privileges • “The old way of doing things”

#10. Declaration of the rights of man and citizen • Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of ALL men • Ideologically launched the French Revolution • Based upon/ heavily influenced by America’s Declaration of Independence

#11. Maximilien Robespierre • 1758 -1794 • Leading figure of the French Revolution • Known for his intense dedication to the Revolution • Became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time • Responsible for “The Reign of Terror” • Guillotined in 1794

#12. Napoleon Bonaparte • French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815) • Preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system • Was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe

#13. Haitian Revolution • The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history! • The uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti, which means “mountain” or “rugged” in the Native Taino language) • Was sparked by the French Revolution • Led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791 -1804) • Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • *see next slide

Toussaint L’Ouverture • 1743 -1803 • Led the Haitian Revolution • Was a former slave • Wrote the first constitution of Haiti • Served as the first governor of the newly independent state Statue/ bust of Toussaint. L’Ouverture in Havana

#14. Spanish American Revolutions • Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810 – 1826) • Established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes. • A more social radical rebellion, known as the Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion, began in Mexico in 1810 & was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos.

#15. Abolitionist Mvt. • An international movement that between approximately 1780 – 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world • The movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States

#16. nationalism • The focusing of citizens’ loyalty on the notion that they are part of a “nation” with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; • First became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century

#17. Vindication of the rights of woman • Written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792 • This tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness

#18. Elizabeth cady stanton • Leading figure of the early women’s rights movement in the United States (18151902) • Was instrumental in organizing the first women’s rights conference, which took place in her hometown of Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848

#19. maternal feminism • Movement that claimed that women have value in society NOT because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; • Its proponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children.

#20. kartini 1879 -1904 A Javanese woman from an elite background who has come to be regarded as a pioneer of both feminist and nationalist thinking in Indonesia.