Echoes of Revolution 1750 1914 AP WORLD HISTORY

Echoes of Revolution (1750 -1914) AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 17

The Abolition of Slavery � 1780 – 1890 = slavery lost its legitimacy and was largely ended �Multiple strands of anti-slavery thinking: Secular = slavery is a violation of natural rights and the ideas of liberty and equality Religious = slavery is a moral; a “crime in the sight of God” Economic = slavery is not necessary for economic progress; countries can be successful with paid labor Political = slavery is unwise because obviously slaves aren’t content and could rise up and revolt

The Abolition of Slavery �Most powerful abolitionist movements = in Britain �Growing pressure on the government to take action techniques included: Public Meeting Featuring an Abolitionist Speaker Pamphlets featuring descriptions of slavery Petitions to Parliament Lawsuits Boycotts of slave-produced sugar Public meetings most of which featured testimony of former slaves

The Abolition of Slavery � 1807 = Britain ended the sale of slaves within its empire � 1834 = Britain freed all remaining slaves �British naval vessels patrolled the Atlantic, intercepted illegal slave ships, and freed the people on board �Other countries followed suit over the next half century

Resistance to Abolition �Abolition was not easy �Plantation owners = fiercely resisted the efforts of abolitionists �Both European and African slave traders also resisted abolitionists �Most intense resistance to abolition and persistence of slavery = in the southern United States Took a WAR to end slavery!

Effects of Abolition �Economic and political lives of former slaves = did not improve dramatically at all �Often could not find work or found work, but were paid VERY little �No political equality in many places, former slaves couldn’t vote and had to live with harsh segregation laws �Former slaves had to deal with persistent racism, discrimination, and violence

Nations and Nationalism (1750 -1914) AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 17

What is a Nation? � A “state” = political territory that does not necessarily coincide with the culture of a certain group of people � For most of world history, people have been organized into great empires or smaller states like this These entities governed culturally diverse societies � A “nation” = has a distinct culture and territory and deserves an independent political life Citizens of a nation = feel connected to their fellows by ties of blood, culture, or common experience Not simply common subjects of a ruling dynasty

What did Nationalism Inspire? � 1871 = the political unification of Italy and Germany �Greeks and Serbs = asserted their independence from the Ottoman Empire �Czechs and Hungarians = demanded more independence within the Austrian Empire �Poles and Ukrainians = became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire �Irish = sought separation from Great Britain �European Jews = sought a homeland in Palestine

Results of Nationalism �Intensified rivalries between European states �Fueled a highly competitive drive for colonies in Asia and Africa �One of the leading causes of World War I

Different Versions of Nationalism �“Civic Nationalism” = the nation is a particular territory and people of various cultural backgrounds can assimilate into the dominant culture Example: “becoming American” �Other versions = defined the nation in racial terms, which excluded those who did not share common ancestry Example: Germany expelling all “non. German”, especially Jewish people

Europe around 1880

Feminist Beginnings (1750 -1914) AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 17

Feminist Beginnings �Feminist movements took shape mostly in Europe and North America �Believed revolutionary ideas of liberty and equality applied to women also �First organized women’s rights conference = in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 Leading feminist and speaker = Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Major Goals of the Feminist Movement �Access to schools and universities �Access to more professions �Suffrage (the right to vote) 1893 = New Zealand is the first country to grant all women the right to vote 1920 = 19 th Amendment passed in the U. S. Most countries did not grant female suffrage until after WWI

Some Accomplishments of the Movement �Increased entrance to universities and increasing women’s literacy rates �Many U. S. states passed laws to let women control and manage their own property and wages �Increased access to professions Medicine opened to a few Teaching Social work (invented by Jane Addams) Nursing (professionalized by Florence Nightingale)

Opposition to Feminism �Many viewed feminists as selfish and willing to sacrifice their families and/or the nation in order to pursue individual goals �Some argued: the strains of education and life in the world outside the home would cause reproductive damage What many believed women should keep doing Result: it would depopulate the nation