UNIT IV 1750 1914 Why 1750 1914 1750

UNIT IV: 1750 -1914 Why 1750 – 1914? 1750 – Start of political revolutions, industrial revolution, capitalism 1914 – WWI, Decline of Empires (Ottoman, Qing, Czarist Russia, Austro-Hungary)

The Two “I’s” 1. INDUSTRIALIZATION: INDUSTRIALIZATION traditional/religious life under immense pressure by industrial life & new scientific discoveries 2. IMPERIALISM: IMPERIALISM leads to the development of Land AND sea-based empires – Nationalism (introduced by the French Revolution) – In order to justify imperialism: idea of ‘race’ developed by the West

Big Picture Themes v. Political Revolutions v. Dominance of the West v. Reactions to Imperialism v. Global Trade v. New Economic Systems (capitalism, Marxism) v. Demographic Shifts

The West: W. Europe U. S. A Australia Industrialized societies & militaries Influenced by nationalism & science Who is Who? The “Wannabes”: Russia Japan Ottomans Everyone Else: Gov’t programs to industrialize Colonized by West or under “sphere of influence” to West Imported tech & and western ideas All attempt to throw out the West, but FAIL… EXCEPT L. American Independence

Political Rev. & Independence: Why now? Where? • • U. S. (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Latin America (1800 s)

American Rev. • No taxation w/out representation • July 4, 1776: Dec. of Independence • 7 Years War Britsh vs. French): “ 1 st World War”

French Revolution • Louis XVI overtaxation • Enlightenment ideas (rights & science) 3 rd Estate (lower class): paid all taxes – swore a “Tennis Court Oath” for a constitution: Declaration of the rights of Man – universal male suffrage • July 14, 1789: storming the Bastille prison starts rev.

Radical phase • led by Maximilen Robespierre (of Jacobin party) • Louis XVI & wife executed during Reign of Terror • Final phase of rev. : Napoleon staged a coup of the Directory – From 1799 -1815 France became an empire

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the French Revolution of 1789? (A) It failed to instill a sense of nationalism in France. (B) Women gained universal suffrage. (C) The revolution turned radical with the involvement of peasants. (D) It succeeded in strengthening France’s economy.

Haitian Revolution Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Instability caused by French Rev. • Toussaint L’Ouverture organized small military group of slaves & “gens de couluer” couluer LEGACY: • Symbol of freedom to slaves • Kings/slave owners feared rebellion Toussaint L’Ouverture

Latin American Independence CAUSES • Political & Social Inequality – Creoles (rebelled the most) • Enlightenment Ideas • Other Revolutions • Napoleon’s invasion of Spain/Portugal

Leaders Father Miguel Hidalgo (1821): Mexican Independence Simon Bolivar: S. America Dom Pedro: Brazil

Causes/Motives: • 1800 s Rev. Causes: – – – nationalism peasant unrest food shortages publishing newspapers/newsletters Commercial Revolution (rising middle class) • Motive: need to industrialize & “modernize” nations

Modern political revolutions were characterized by (A) the unopposed rule of absolute monarchs (B) the influence of Enlightenment ideals (C) peasants and urban workers refusing to protest (D) the destruction of traditional religion (E) eventual choice of universal democracy instead of autocracy

The West At Its Peak • 1750 -1914: height of Western power • The French Revolution gave birth to idea of nationalism • Growth of Nation-states/empires – German unification (Bismarck’s realpolitik)

New Political Ideas

Tech. Advances: Steam engine: most important invention British textiles: 1 st mechanized industry (looms; spinning wheels) Transportation: Canals Railroads Steam ships

Industrial Rev. Social Changes: • Innovations in farming & enclosure acts: peasants in countryside out of work…move to cities for factory work • Industrial Working Class (poor, unskilled) • New Middle Class • Roles of women: – Working class women outside home – Upper Class women: confined

Power loom “Satanic” Milltown Fatcat Miner Street children

Factory Conditions • rigid, boring, long hours, dangerous • NO job security… • Women/children/immigrants paid less

Living Conditions Urbanization: • Cities crowded, dirty, & dangerous - no sanitation - no fire/police - no running water

Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference (1884)

2009 AP® WORLD HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS WORLD HISTORY SECTION II Part A (Suggested writing time— 40 minutes) Percent of Section II score— 33 1/3 1. Using the documents, analyze African actions and reactions in response to the European Scramble for Africa. Identify an additional type of document and explain how it would help in assessing African actions and reactions. Historical Background: In the three decades after the Berlin Conference on Africa (1884– 1885), European powers occupied and colonized areas in Africa, a process later termed the Scramble for Africa.

Imperialism: • Industrialization: new demand resources & labor • steam power, better guns, immunizations • “Social Darwinism” Darwinism gave West a sense of superiority…justified imperialism (White Man’s Burden)

“I contend that we are the first race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. . . I contend that every acre added to our territory provides for the birth of more of the English race, who otherwise would not be brought into existence. ” Cecil Rhodes' statement is consistent with which of the following? (A) Mercantilism (B) Social Darwinism (C) Marxism (D) Liberalism (E) Mandate of Heaven

CHINA AFRICA • SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA • SHAKA ZULU (resistance) • BERLIN CONFERENCE • BOER WAR (Dutch vs. British) • OPIUM WARS • TREATY OF NANJING (1842) • TAIPING REBELLION (1850 -64) • BOXER REBELLION (1898 -1901): anti-British & anti-Qing JAPAN • MEIJI RESTORATION • MATTHEW PERRY • SINOJAPANESE WAR IMPERIALISM INDIA • JEWEL IN THE CROWN • BRITISH EAST INDIA CO. • COMPANY MEN • SEPOY MUTINY • QUEEN VICTORIA EUROPE • NATIONALISM • WHITE MAN’S BURDEN. • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Reaction to Imperialism? • Organized rebellions all failed from 1750 -1914 (EXCEPT in L. America) • Russia & Japan… – Imitating the West

The “Wannabes” Japan & Russia

Meiji Japan: • Arrival of U. S. navy (Commodore Perry): Perry forced industrialization on Japan • Led to Meiji Restoration: Restoration Emperor began gov’t sponsored modernization plan • Created a Parliament: an oligarchy w/ a few businesses (zaibatsu) zaibatsu • Japan colonizes Korea & China

Late-nineteenth-century Japanese industrialization differed from lateeighteenth-century British industrialization in that Japan’s industrialization (A) was sponsored by the state (B) was not based on fossil-fuel power (C) centered on exporting agricultural goods (D) used women in early factories

Russia • Peter the Great (1672 -1725): began Westernization • Like Japan, industrialization sponsored by gov’t • Russifiy: cultural pressure on conquered peoples • UNLIKE JAPAN: Russia NOT able to fully industrialize…too many serfs! – 1861 (Alexander II ends serfdom)

British E. I. C. • E. I. C. ran India w/ “Company Men” Men & Raj princes until the Sepoy Rebellion (1857) – Sepoy: paid Indian soldiers – then direct control of crown; Queen Victoria (Disraeli her advisor) • “Jewel in the crown” • India supplied Britain w/ cotton, indigo, salt, opium & tea.

Qing China • Lord Macartney attempts to open up Qing (1792) -“Tea Diplomacy”…epic failure • China economically/culturally isolated…yet largest economy -Qing horded silver causing inflation • British fight Opium Wars to open up Qing…Treaty of Nanking begins 100 yrs of British influence (Hong Kong) • Taiping Rebellion & Boxer Rebellion (both failed): throw out foreigners

The Islamic Heartland • Ottoman Empire: tried to reform its society & industrialize w/ Tanzimat Reforms (too little too late) – Janissary Corp very conservative & feared change… • Egypt falls under British influence under Muhammad Ali (cotton; Suez Canal)

Sub-Saharan Africa • Europeans: create tensions between ethnic groups • “Scramble for Africa” about resources: – metals, crops, ivory, diamonds (Cecil Rhodes), rubber (Belgian Congo)

Global Communication, & Tech – railroad, steam engine, telegraph – Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Demographic & ENV Changes • New immigration patterns • End of Atlantic Slave Trade: Trade caused need for cheap labor (children & immigrants) • Better medicine • Food Supply ↑

Changes in Social/Gender Structure Changed due to: • • Political Revolutions Industrial Revolution Enlightenment ideas Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Comparisons • Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases) • Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin American, Mexican, and Chinese) • Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman Empire, China, India and Japan.