AP World History The Americas and Oceania 600

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AP World History The Americas and Oceania 600 C. E. – 1450 C. E.

AP World History The Americas and Oceania 600 C. E. – 1450 C. E.

Geographic Isolation • Civilizations in the Americas and Oceania developed independently of those in

Geographic Isolation • Civilizations in the Americas and Oceania developed independently of those in Afro-Eurasia – Culturally unique – no diffusion • Advanced in many ways though – Trade networks, elaborate art, religions, military, social structures, etc… • No contact or knowledge of “other” world until Columbus

Mesoamerica • Mesoamerica = shared cultural heritage • Includes lands of Mexico and Central

Mesoamerica • Mesoamerica = shared cultural heritage • Includes lands of Mexico and Central America • Olmecs Mayans Toltecs Aztecs (Mexica)

Mayan Civilization • Pre-Classic Period c. 2000 B. C. E to 250 C. E.

Mayan Civilization • Pre-Classic Period c. 2000 B. C. E to 250 C. E. • Classic Period c. 250 C. E. to 900 C. E. • Series of independent city-states with shared culture across Yucatan Peninsula • Trade networks between states – Jaguar pelts, jade, etc… • Advanced mathematicians, astronomers – Accurate calendar used for marking religious observances – First to use the concept of zero • Civilization declines by 900 C. E. as cities are abandoned – Too much warfare? – Environmental degradation due to over-farming? – Collapse of trade routes?

Mayan Civilization

Mayan Civilization

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Migratory people who settle on Lake Texcoco in central Mexico

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Migratory people who settle on Lake Texcoco in central Mexico in 1345 C. E. – Legend of eagle, serpent, and cactus • Build capital of Tenochtitlan • Used chinampas to develop agriculture around Tenochtitlan

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Aztec Chinampa:

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Aztec Chinampa:

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Continuous empire based on military conquest – Seized land slaves

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Continuous empire based on military conquest – Seized land slaves from conquered lands – Subjects pay annual tribute to emperor in Tenochtitlan • Established trade networks between regions of empire – May have extended north to SW United States

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Adopted polytheistic religious beliefs • Gods made the world work

Aztec (Mexica) Civilization • Adopted polytheistic religious beliefs • Gods made the world work through personal sacrifice – Blood flow led to the irrigation of crops – Practiced human sacrifice for good harvests, courage in war, and to please gods • Sacrificed humans to appease war god, Huitzilopochtli – Priests carried out sacrifice by cutting out human heart

Incan Empire • Carved out in the Andes Mtns. of South America c. 1250

Incan Empire • Carved out in the Andes Mtns. of South America c. 1250 C. E. • Pachacuti expands empire across 2, 500 miles • Gov’t led by military leaders – Capital at Cuzco

Incan Empire • Never developed writing – Used quipu to track population, taxes, etc…

Incan Empire • Never developed writing – Used quipu to track population, taxes, etc… – No cultural diffusion from Mesoamerica • Empire connected through vast system of roads/trails – Used for trade, moving military, and passing information using relay runners

Oceania • During the early periods of history (c. 8000 B. C. E to

Oceania • During the early periods of history (c. 8000 B. C. E to 600 C. E), Austronesian peoples had slowly settled across the various islands of Oceania

Oceania • Used double-hulled canoes or outrigger canoes to sail across open-ocean • Expert

Oceania • Used double-hulled canoes or outrigger canoes to sail across open-ocean • Expert navigators, astronomers, sailors

Oceania • The extent of Oceania:

Oceania • The extent of Oceania:

Oceania • Because of the expanse of the Pacific Ocean, there was limited contact

Oceania • Because of the expanse of the Pacific Ocean, there was limited contact between societies – Some trade networks between islands – axes, pottery, shells, mats, canoes, etc… • Settlements arose in Easter Island (Rapa Nui), New Zealand, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and the Hawaiian Islands – Islanders typically grew yams, sweet potatoes, breadfruit, bananas, coconuts, and taro – Domesticated pigs and dogs

Oceania • Some evidence of cultural diffusion – Islanders from Easter Island visited South

Oceania • Some evidence of cultural diffusion – Islanders from Easter Island visited South America and adopted the sweet potato – Spread across Polynesia and transformed the environment as more cultures adopted it and began cultivating it

Oceania • Over time, populations of the islands of Polynesia and other Oceanic regions

Oceania • Over time, populations of the islands of Polynesia and other Oceanic regions rose due to agriculture – Distinct social classes emerge – States often ruled by chiefs in charge of political affairs • Religions varied between islands, but often reflected close ties to the environment and nature

Oceania • Pacific island societies do not have access to technologies of continental people

Oceania • Pacific island societies do not have access to technologies of continental people until the arrival of explorers beginning in the 16 th century – They did manage to exploit their environments and: • • Establish productive agricultural economies Build elaborate and organized societies Engage in trade with their neighbors when possible Populate most of the islands ranging from New Zealand to Hawaii