The Early Middle Ages Section 1 You only

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 “You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough. ” ― Mae West A Jellyfish is 95% water.

The Early Middle Ages Section 1

The Early Middle Ages Section 1

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Charlemagne’s Empire Main Idea Through conquest and social change, Charlemagne tied much of western Europe together in a single empire.

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Building an Empire Powerful Kingdom • Crowning of Charlemagne a surprise, but not random decision • His predecessors, the kings of the Franks, worked for 200 years to make kingdom most powerful in Europe Frankish Empire • By 800 s Franks ruled much of western, central Europe • Leaders most influential in expansion of Franks all belonged to one family— Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians Early Carolingians • One of first Carolingians to gain power, Charlemagne’s grandfather • Charles Martel, political adviser, war leader for Frankish king • Led Frankish army in many crushing defeats of opponents, notably Muslims

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Military Power Increased Kingdom • Charles’s son, Pippin III - Became first king of Carolingian dynasty, 751 • 768, Pippin passed kingdom to son Charlemagne - Old French for Charles the Great • Assembled army each year, led into battle against a foe • Incorporated land of vanquished foe into his sphere of influence, formed alliances with local rulers • In this way Charlemagne increased size and power of Carolingian kingdom Pope Leo III • Recognized Charlemagne’s skill, called on him for help when Lombards attacked Papal States, 774 • Papal states, region in central Italy under control of pope • Franks defeated Lombards; Charlemagne became king of Lombards as well as Franks • 799, Charlemagne helps Leo III again Charlemagne named emperor of Roman people • Pope’s action suggested that Charlemagne’s rule had backing of church, God

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The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Charlemagne’s Rule Powerful • Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor • Empire large, not easy to rule; changes made government efficient, effective • Established permanent capital at Aachen, in what is now Germany Delegating Authority • Built huge palace, cathedral to reflect own greatness • Chose counts, officials to help rule parts of empire in his name • Counts bound to obey, granted large tracts of land, given much authority Oversight • Inspectors kept tabs on Charlemagne’s counts • Rewarded counts who did jobs well, punished those who did not • Inspectors helped ensure counts remained loyal, empire was well run

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The Early Middle Ages Aachen Cathedral Section 1

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Charlemagne’s Chapel and Throne

The Early Middle Ages Charlemagne’s Palace Section 1

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did Charlemagne turn his kingdom into an empire? Answer(s): strong warrior; restored the pope to power; provided stability and order; barons helped him rule

Section 1 The Early Middle Ages A New Society Although Charlemagne is known mostly as a warrior and a political leader, he also made sweeping changes to Frankish society. Education • Charlemagne personally interested in learning - ordered churches, monasteries to start schools Scholars • Sent copies of texts to monasteries across Europe; monks there made copies • Saved many valuable works for posterity Religion • Charlemagne wanted to preserve, spread Christian teachings, and create a unified Christian empire • Convert or die; sent monks Law • Developed written legal code – incorporated local laws Empire did not survive long after death in 814 - Civil war wracked kingdom, grandsons divided empire - Empire weak, invaders: Vikings, Magyar, Muslim

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did Charlemagne change society in his empire? Answer(s): built an education system, preserved ancient writings, expanded religion, developed single law code

Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Viking Raids Sailing Skills • Vikings superb ship builders, sailors • Ships capable of withstanding heavy ocean waves; crews as many as 100 • Skills at navigation allowed crossing great expanses of ocean First Targets • First targets of raids England, northern France • Later Vikings began raiding places farther from homeland • Even inland locations like Paris, Aachen unsafe – raids came quickly and were brutal • Favorite Viking targets, monasteries – Vikings not Christian and monasteries were loaded • Not all Vikings who left Scandinavia raiders, some explorers: Iceland late 700 s; 982, Greenland; 1082, Leif Eriksson reaches North America Normandy • Normandy = Northman; Rollo and King of France – land for defense

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Question: What made Viking raids so terrifying to Christian Europe? Answer(s): People did not know when they were coming, so could not prepare; Viking raids were brutal.

Section 1 The Early Middle Ages The Muslims first came to Europe in large numbers as conquerors. Muslim Spain • 711, Muslim army from North Africa crossed Strait of Gibraltar, conquered Spain France, Italy • 732, Muslims swept into France, stopped short by Charles Martel, Charlemagne’s grandfather • Ruled Iberian Peninsula more than • 800 s, 900 s, Muslim leaders 700 years ordered small, fast raids against cities, towns in southern France, • Capital city, Cordoba, one of Italy wealthiest, most culturally advanced cities of medieval world • Raided Rome, destroyed ancient churches • Muslim Spain land of tolerance

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Blocking Trade Muslim fleets blocked Byzantine trade in Mediterranean • Muslim pirates looted ships, sold crews into slavery • Cut off Italy from trade with eastern allies • Pope turned to Franks for protection • Balance of power in western Europe shifted because of this

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The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Question: Why did Muslims launch small, fast raids against Christian lands? Answer(s): unable to achieve a full invasion of Europe

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 The Feudal and Manorial Systems Main Idea In Europe during the Middle Ages, the feudal and manorial systems governed life and required people to perform certain duties and obligations.

Section 1 The Early Middle Ages The Feudal System Origins of Feudalism • Feudalism originated partly as result of Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions • Kings, nobles unable to defend their lands • Built castles, often on hills - not elaborate structures; built of wood - shelter in case of attack • Nobles needed trained soldiers to defend castles Knights and Lords • Knights most important, highly skilled soldiers • Mounted knights in heavy armor best defenders • Being a knight expensive; had to maintain weapons, armor, horses • Knights demanded payment for services

The Early Middle Ages Motte-and-Bailey Castle Section 1

Château de. Middle Gisors, Ages France The Early Section 1

The Early Middle Ages William Marshal Section 1

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The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Fiefs and Vassals Knights were usually paid for their services with land • Land given to knight for service was called a fief – Anyone accepting fief was called a vassal – Person from whom he accepted fief was his lord • Historians call system of exchanging land for service the feudal system, or feudalism

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The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Feudal Obligations Oath of Fealty • Lords, vassals in feudal system had duties to fulfill to one another • Knight’s chief duty as vassal to provide military service to his lord • Had to promise to remain loyal; promise called oath of fealty Financial Obligations • Knight had certain financial obligations to lord • Knight obligated to pay ransom for lord’s release if captured in battle • Gave money to lord on special occasions, such as knighting of son Lord’s Obligations • Lord had to treat knights fairly, not demanding too much time, money • Had to protect knight if attacked by enemies • Had to act as judge in disputes between knights

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages A Complicated System Lord and Vassal Fealty to King • Europe’s feudal system incredibly complex - could be both lord, vassal • Theoretically (but not in practice), everyone supposed to be loyal to the king • Some knights with large fiefs gave • Some powerful nobles as strong small pieces of land to other as kings they were supposed to knights, created many levels of serve, ignored duties as vassals obligations • One knight could serve many lords - almost everyone served more than one lord • Feudal rules specific to time, place; could change over time

Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did the feudal system work? Answer(s): lord gave land to knight in return for protection and loyalty

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 The Manorial System The feudal system was a political and social system. A related system governed medieval economics. This system was called the manorial system because it was built around large estates called manors. Lords, Peasants, and Serfdom and Manor Serfs • Most peasants on farm were • Manors owned by wealthy lords, knights • Peasants farmed manor fields • Were given protection, plots of land to cultivate for selves • Developed into threefield crop rotation system serfs - not slaves, but could not leave manor, marry without lord’s permission • Each manor included fortified house for noble family, village for peasants, serfs • Goal to make manor selfsufficient - also included church, mill, blacksmith Free People • Manors had some free people who rented land from lord • Others included landowning peasants, skilled workers like blacksmiths, millers • Also had a priest for spiritual needs

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did lords and peasants benefit from the manorial system? Answer(s): lords' farmlands were taken care of, produced food; peasants were provided protection from invaders

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Daily Life in the Middle Ages Life in a Castle • Early castles built for defense not comfort • Few windows, stuffy in summer, cold in winter, dark always • Nobles had to share space with others, including soldiers, servants - private rooms very rare • Main room the hall, large room for dining, entertaining • Later castles had separate bedrooms and latrines near bedrooms for the nobles Life in a Village • The typical village family lived in a small wooden one-room house with a straw roof, dirt floor, wooden furniture, and open holes in the walls served as windows • Most families shared one room (including animals); slept on beds of straw on floor • Meals cooked over open fire in middle of floor; typical meal: brown bread, cheese, vegetables, occasionally meat • No chimney, house often full of smoke; fires common • The family rose before dawn. Men worked in the fields; women did chores - during harvest, the entire family worked in the field all day.

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Question: How was life in a castle different from life in a village? Answer(s): castle life more comfortable, people did not have to work in the fields; village life was very difficult, no comforts, whole family had to work continually

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 The Growth of Monarchies Main Idea The power of kings grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early Middle Ages.

Section 1 The Early Middle Ages The English Monarchy England was one of the first countries in Europe to develop a strong central monarchy. Under the Anglo-Saxons, who first unified the country, and then under the Normans, who conquered the Anglo. Saxons, the English kings exercised considerable power. Anglo-Saxon England Danish Vikings • Anglo-Saxon rulers descendants of Angles, Saxons who invaded in 400 s • 800 s, Danish Vikings invaded, conquered several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, not all of England • For most of period, England divided into seven small kingdoms • 878, Viking campaign cut short by Alfred the Great, king of Wessex in southern England • Each had own laws, customs Alfred drove the Viking forces north of London to what became the Danelaw, a territory under Viking control.

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages The Norman Conquest • Anglo-Saxon rulers first to unify England under a strong central monarchy • 1066, king died without heir; two men claimed throne: Harold, Anglo-Saxon nobleman from England; William, duke of Normandy in France • Supported by English nobility, Harold named new king William Strong King • William stronger king than Anglo-Saxon • William decided to take crown by force; rulers gathered army, sailed for England where Harold met him • Claimed all English land as personal property • Two armies fought in Battle of Hastings; William won • Divided land into fiefs for his Norman soldiers; new nobility created, all owing • Became King William I of England, loyalty to king known as William the Conqueror

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The Early Middle Ages Harold Godwinson Section 1

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 William the Conqueror and Invasion Route

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The Early Middle Ages Death of Harold? Section 1

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The Early Middle Ages Battle Abbey Section 1

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Norman Lands – 12 th c.

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Domesday Book • William ordered survey taken to learn more about kingdom • Wanted to know who lived in each part of England, what they owned, how much they could afford to pay in taxes • Resulting in Domesday Book, used to create central tax system for England French Culture • William, Normans introduced elements of French culture into England • Most of England’s new nobles born in France, spoke French, practiced French customs • Most of lower classes kept old Anglo-Saxon language, habits

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Magna Carta Kings following William the Conqueror gained even more power as time passed. New power came from acquisition of new lands, mainly in France. By about 1200 the power of the English king started to worry some nobles. They feared kings would abuse their powers. Nobles’ Concerns New Rights • Nobles concerned their rights would be taken away • 1215, concerns reached crisis point under King John • John caught in war with France, lost almost all of England’s French holdings • Tried to raise money with new tax on nobility • Nobles refused tax, took up arms against king • Rebellious nobles forced John to accept document outlining their rights, Magna Carta • Restricted king’s power; even kings not above the law • King had to obtain consent of nobles before raising taxes • Ended king’s ability to arrest, punish people without cause or take property illegally

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Parliament Dissatisfaction • Magna Carta addressed many concerns, but some nobles still not satisfied • King constantly asked for approval to raise taxes of which they disapproved • 1260 s, nobles began another rebellion to obtain say in how kingdom was run Parliament • As part of agreement to end rebellion, king agreed to meet with members of nobility, clergy, middle class to discuss key issues facing country • Resulting council developed into English governing body, Parliament Powers • For several years the powers of Parliament remained undefined • Edward I one of first kings to clarify role of Parliament, work effectively with governing body

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Central Government Strengthened 1295, Parliament summoned by Edward included nobles, clergy, representatives from every English county, town • Had power to create new taxes, advise king on lawmaking, royal policy • Edward strengthened England’s central government, reformed system of laws • Saw Parliament as tool for strengthening monarchy, not limiting it; kept Parliament in secondary role to power of king

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Other European Monarchies The changes in the English monarchy were unique. During the Middle Ages, kings in other European countries also worked to gain more power, but their experiences were different from those of he English rulers. France Capetians Power • After Charlemagne, • Mid-900 s, one noble kings of France did not family rose to power rule much territory when one member elected king • Sometimes Capetians fought local nobles for power • Limited to area around Paris, Orleans • Other times created allegiances • Rest in hands of powerful nobles • Hugh Capet, successors extended power throughout France • By 1300, ruled almost all of modern France

The Early Middle Ages Hugh Capet Section 1

The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Holy Roman Empire Split • Emperor Charlemagne had unified most of western Europe into one empire • After his death, the empire split into two parts • Western part became France; eastern part became known as Germany • France remained somewhat unified under one king • Germany separated into several small states, each with own ruler, or duke • 936, Otto the Great gained enough support to become king of the Germans Otto • Worked to unite German lands, conquered parts of northern Italy • 962, aided Pope John XII, rewarded by being named Emperor of the Romans • Territories united under Otto became known as Holy Roman Empire

The Early Middle Ages Otto the Great Section 1

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Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Spain and Portugal • Growth of monarchy in Spain, Portugal coupled with religious struggles – they had been conquered by Muslims in early 700 s • Muslims, called Moors by Christians, built powerful state centered in city of Cordoba • Christians ruled only few kingdoms in far northern part of peninsula Fighting Moors • 722, Christian rulers began to fight Moors, drive them out of Europe • Christian rulers continued westward push, little success until 1000 s • Civil war had broken out in Muslim Spain, weakening Moorish leadership Campaigns • Christian states began series of campaigns to retake Iberian Peninsula, called the Reconquista • 1085, king of Castile won great victory over Moors, inspired rulers of two other Christian kingdoms to join in the Reconquista • Moors not driven completely off Iberian Peninsula until 1492

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The Early Middle Ages Section 1 Ferdinand II and Isabella I of Castile Christopher Columbus

Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Question: How did rulers in France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain gain power? Answer(s): by acquiring new land territories through alliances, marriage, and conquest