Middle Ages Middle Ages Standard Analyze European medieval

Middle Ages

Middle Ages • Standard: Analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics. • Essential Question: How did European medieval society develop with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics?

Feudalism • Element: Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne. • Vocabulary: manorial system, feudalism, peasants, feudal monarchies, Charlemagne

Influence of the Early Middle Ages • Also called Medieval Times or the Dark Ages • Approximately between 5 th and 10 th century AD • A mixture of the following: – Leftovers from Ancient Rome – The Germanic Invaders – The Roman Catholic Church

Medieval Invasions • Huns and Germanic tribes • Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims • Effects of Invasions: – Loss of common language – Decline in learning – Population shifts – Downfall of cities – Disruption of trade

Vikings A Viking Ship and some Viking Swords

Magyars Prince Arpad crossing the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe.

Loss of a Common Language • Mixture of Latin to various Germanic dialects • Will produce: – English – French – German – Italian – Spanish

Manorial System • Self sustaining environment • Created to replace the empire into smaller kingdoms to defend against 9 th century invasions • Strengthening of tribal government into the development of feudalism • Led to: – downfall of cities – disruption of trade

Impact of the Manorial System • Move from urban to rural living – decline of learning – population shifts – downfall of cities • Germans inability to maintain Roman bridges and road systems • Because no longer in urban area do not have access to schools or libraries – Population becomes Illiterate – Germans do not write nor read therefore limited written accounts of this period – Created “myths” or “folktales” using spoken epics of their “alleged” histories

Economic System • Manors ØLord’s Estate ØSet of rights and obligations between serfs and lords ØSelf-sufficient community producing a variety of goods

Code of Behavior • Chivalry ØDisplays of courage and valor in combat ØRespect toward women ØDevotion to a feudal lord and heavenly lord

Knights • Education (Guild): – Paige at age 7 – Squire at age 14 – Knight at age 21 • Code Chivalry: – A promise of loyalty and bravery, to defend God, their Lord, and Lady, to protect the innocent and weak

Knights fighting and going to battle

A knights code of Chivalry

Castle Life • Knights lived with their Feudal lords Large walls Guard towers Possibly a moat Cold and dark inside the castle – Large eating hall – –

Belief System • The Church ØPower over people’s everyday lives ØUnifying force of Christian faith ØInvolvement in political affairs

Political System • Feudalism ØForm of government based on landholding ØAlliances between lords and vassals ØOaths of loyalty in exchange for land military service ØRanking of power and authority

Fief • A fee • consisted of heritable property or rights granted by an overlord to a vassal • held it in fealty in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service(military)

Status of Peasants • Peasants were tied to the manor and did not leave • worked the lands of the lords for protection by the lords knights

Feudal Monarchs • Overlord of the property and granted fealty to lords for the manors

New Germanic Kingdoms Fall of Rome: • after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire • a number of states ruled by German kings replaced the Western Roman Empire by 500

New Germanic Kingdoms • • • Franks only German kingdom to endure founder was Clovis converted to Christianity around 500 established a kingdom that reached from the Pyrenees to present-day France and western Germany by 510 AD

New Germanic Kingdoms

Charles Martel Known as “the Hammer” lived years after the death of Clovis Official title was mayor of the palace came to power by fighting the Muslims in Spain • Depiction of the “Battle of Tours” • •

Pepin the short • Charles Martel’s son • defeated the Lombards and submitted to the Pope • officially established the Carolingian Dynasty

Charlemagne and the Carolingians Description: • became ruler of the Frankish Kingdom in 768 • known as Charles the Great • a strong statesman and pious Christian • illiterate but supported learning • ruled from 768 to 814 • expanded the kingdom into what became known as the Carolingian Empire • Charlemagne’s power and prestige grew

Charlemagne and the Carolingians Importance: • covered much of western and central Europe and was unsurpassed until the time of Napoleon • in 800 crowned emperor of the Romans by the pope • symbolized the coming together of the Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements that forged a new European civilization • the spiritual leader of western Christendom had crowned a German king Roman emperor

Growth of European Kingdoms

Impact of Feudalism • gave power to many different lords • kings began to extend their own powers • laid the foundations for the European kingdoms that still dominate Europe • political institutions created by England impacted the formation of democracy in the United States

Rise of England

Rise of England Norman Invasion: • in 1066 • an army commanded by William of Normandy defeated King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings • William was crowned king of England began to combine Anglo-Saxon and Norman institutions

Rise of England Rise of the monarchy: • Henry II ruled from 1154 to 1189 • enlarged the power of the English monarchy • expanded the royal courts’ powers to cover more criminal and property cases • a body of common law began to replace varying local codes

Magna Carta • many nobles rebelled against King John over expanding power of the English monarch • by 1215 at Runnymeade, John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter – gave written recognition to the longstanding feudal idea of mutual rights and obligations between lord and vassal (a document of rights) – used to strengthen the idea that the monarch had limited power – later helped support the concept that individuals are entitled to trial by jury

Rise of England The English Parliament: • emerged in the 1200 s • during the reign of Edward I • an important step in developing a representational government • composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all of England’s nobles and bishops • Later, nobles and church lords formed the House of Lords, and knights and townspeople formed the House of Commons • imposed taxes and passed laws

France and the Capetian Dynasty

France and the Capetian Dynasty after the death of the last Carolingian king in 987 Hugh Capet became king founded the Capetian dynasty of French kings the French monarchy’s power grew under King Philip II Augustus • ruled from 1180 to 1223 • took back by force the French territories ruled by the English • greatly increased the income and power of the French monarchy • •

Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire Otto I: • tenth century • powerful Saxon duke became king of the eastern Frankish kingdom • was crowned by the Pope, emperor of the Romans in 962 in exchange for protection • as leaders of a new Roman Empire, the German kings tried to rule both German and Italian lands

Holy Roman Empire Frederick I: • considered Italy the center of a “holy empire” • Coined the name Holy Roman Empire • attempted to conquer northern Italy • was opposed by the pope and the northern cities • Frederick II wanted to establish a centralized state in Italy but met with the same resistance

Holy Roman Empire Formation of German States: • while the emperors were fighting • Germany was left in the hands of powerful German lords • created many independent states • kept the German ruler from maintaining a strong central monarchical state

MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Role of the Church • Element: Explain the role of the church in medieval society.

Developed a system of Organization • Priests headed local communities called parishes • group of parishes(bishopric/dioces e) headed by a bishop • bishop of Rome claimed he was the leader of the Roman Catholic Church • later called popes from the Latin word papa, “father”

Developed a body of Doctrine • Church councils met to define Church teachings – Dependability of the Pope – Salvation in the Roman Church only – Salvation by Works – Complete Sanctification – Worshiping of Saints – Exaltation of the Clergy

Monks • played an important role in the Church • a man who separates himself from worldly life • dedicated himself to God (monasticism)

Benedictine’s • sixth century • order of monks founded by Saint Benedict • wrote rules for their practice, The Benedictine rule • used by other monastic groups • social work in their communities made them the new heroes of Christian civilization

Role • provided a basis for unity and order • most powerful entity of the period • largest land holder of the period

Papal Monarchy • Element: Describe the political impact of Christianity; include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor). • Vocabulary: Pope Gregory VII, King Henry IV, Holy Roman Empire

Papal Monarchy “There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings” – Pope Gelasius I (AD 500)

Papal State • control over the territory in central Italy • involved the popes in politics • often at the expense of their spiritual duties

Impact of Feudalism on the Church • Bishops and abbots held offices as grants from nobles • were vassals with allegiance to a secular authority • obligated to carry out military duties (Crusades)

Pope Gregory VII • eleventh century • claimed that the pope’s authority extended over all the Christian world (including rulers) • asserted the Church’s right to appoint clergy and run its affairs (College of Cardinals) • in 1075 issued a decree forbidding high-ranking clerics from receiving their offices from lay (secular) leaders (lay investiture) • lessened the power of kings (King Henry IV of Germany)

Church v. State

Church v. State • Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV opposed the reform of Gregory VII • in 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry and all the bishops he had appointed • the princes subsequently meet to elect a new king • Henry held a private penance with Gregory VII • ceded the superiority and equality of imperial rulers to the church

Pope Innocent III • thirteenth century • reached the height of political power • believed he was the supreme judge of European affairs • ordered Philip Augustus to take back his wife after Philip had sought an annulment

Effects of Trade • Element: Describe how increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities.

The Revival of Trade • eleventh and twelfth century • changed the economic foundation of Europe from basically agricultural to a mix of agricultural and commercial • Italian cities took the lead

Money Economy • by the end of the twelfth century • goods were being regularly exchanged between Flanders and Italy • the demand for gold and silver coins arose • money economy will replace the barter system

Commercial Revolution • trading companies and banking firms were established • managed the exchange and sale of goods • led to the rise of commercial capitalism – an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods to make a profit

Late Middle Ages • Middle Ages reached a high point in the 1200 s • 1300 s and early 1400 s • Europe was challenged by disastrous forces

Bubonic Plague Description: • the Black Death • spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium • millions died of the plague between 1347 and 1351

Bubonic Plague Consequences: • trade declined • a shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise in the price of labor • lowered the demand for food, resulted in falling prices

Great Schism Background: • Struggles with the king led a French pope to take up residence in Avignon in southern France in 1305 • the pope resided in Avignon until 1377 • pope returned to Rome in 1377

Great Schism Description: • after the Pope’s death: – a group of Italian cardinals elected an Italian pope – a group of French cardinals elected a French pope • each line of popes denounced the other • lasted from 1378 to 1417 and divided Europe • finally ended in 1417

Great Schism Effect: • people’s faith in both the papacy and the Church were undermined • the Church lost much of its political and spiritual authority

Hundred Years’ War Description: • between England France • lasted from 1337 to 1453

Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc: • A peasant girl • helped the French armies to finally bring the war to an end

Hundred Years’ War Effect: • political instability • by the fifteenth century, rulers from France, England, and other European states attempted to reestablish the centralized power of monarchies • The monarchies of France, England, and Spain became known as the new monarchies • The Holy Roman Empire became a land of hundreds of independent German states (The German Confederation)

Effects on the Middle Ages • the Crusades, bubonic plague, Great Schism, and the Hundred Years’ War • led to an end of the manorial system and feudalism • growth of cities • increased trade • beginning of the Renaissance