MUSIC HISTORY Medieval and Renaissance Music Hearing from

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MUSIC HISTORY Medieval and Renaissance Music “Hearing” from The Lady and the Unicorn tapestry

MUSIC HISTORY Medieval and Renaissance Music “Hearing” from The Lady and the Unicorn tapestry (late 15 th century)

MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE AGES DATES: 450 AD to 1400 AD

MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE AGES DATES: 450 AD to 1400 AD

The Culture of the Middle Ages “Nothing exists without music, for the universe itself

The Culture of the Middle Ages “Nothing exists without music, for the universe itself is said to have been framed by a kind of harmony of sounds, and the heaven itself revolves under the tone of that harmony. ” —Isidore of Seville The writer Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343– 1400), as depicted in a famous manuscript of his epic Canterbury Tales (c. 1410).

The Culture of the Middle Ages Spans nearly 1, 000 years (450 AD to

The Culture of the Middle Ages Spans nearly 1, 000 years (450 AD to 1400 AD) Early Christian church and state were centers of power at the time (European society was predominantly religious) Most of the music that survived the Middle Ages was due to sponsorship from the church The later Middle Ages saw the rise of cities, cathedrals, along with great works of art & literature. 450 1400

The Culture of the Middle Ages Universities were founded throughout Europe Construction of Notre

The Culture of the Middle Ages Universities were founded throughout Europe Construction of Notre Dame in Paris (1163– 1350) Cities emerged as center of art and culture as trade flourished Literary masterpieces: Chanson de Roland; Divine Comedy (Dante); Canterbury Tales (Chaucer) Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris (1163– 1235) Crusades brought era of violence, turmoil, and change

Music in the Middle Ages Music was very spiritual Music was very “liturgical” –

Music in the Middle Ages Music was very spiritual Music was very “liturgical” – set to the order of the church service Chant melodies emerged (Gregorian Chant) – a kind of musical speech Scene from the life of the Virgin, Giotto di Bondone (1267– 1337) Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”

Music in the Middle Ages Classes of Chant: Syllabic – one note to each

Music in the Middle Ages Classes of Chant: Syllabic – one note to each syllable of text Neumatic – a few notes to each syllable of text Melismatic – many notes to each syllable of text

Music in the Middle Ages Neumes – symbols used to help singers remember the

Music in the Middle Ages Neumes – symbols used to help singers remember the general shape of the melodies. This eventually developed into a type of musical notation using square notes on a four-line staff.

The Modes The modes evolved from Gregorian Chant and the beginning of Renaissance polyphony

The Modes The modes evolved from Gregorian Chant and the beginning of Renaissance polyphony They preceeded the major and minor modes we know today The modes served as the basis for European art music for a thousand years With the eventual development of polyphony, a harmonic system evolved based on the various modal scale patterns

Early Church Modes Lydian Ionian (major) Mixolydian Dorian Aolean (minor) Phrygian Locrian Modal (old

Early Church Modes Lydian Ionian (major) Mixolydian Dorian Aolean (minor) Phrygian Locrian Modal (old system) vs. Tonal (major/minor system used later)

Music in the Middle Ages The Mass Two types of prayers that make up

Music in the Middle Ages The Mass Two types of prayers that make up the Catholic Mass: 1. Proper (Texts that vary from service to service) 2. Ordinary (Texts that remain the same in each service) There were Gregorian Chants for each section of the service, making music a very central part of the Mass All texts were in Latin. (The Catholic church continued to celebrate the Mass in Latin until the middle of the 20 th century. )

Music in the Middle Ages Life in the Medieval Cloister – a place for

Music in the Middle Ages Life in the Medieval Cloister – a place for religious seclusion Monastery Convent

Music in the Middle Ages The Music of Hildegard of Bingen (1098– 1179) In

Music in the Middle Ages The Music of Hildegard of Bingen (1098– 1179) In 1150 founded convent in Germany Known for miracles and prophecies of the future Popes, Kings & Priests sought her advice on political and religious issues Artwork: The priest Volmar records Hildegard of Bingen’s visions. The image, a miniature, is from her poetry collection Scivias (1141– 51). Works include collections of visions and prophecies, music, and scientific writing.

“The words I speak come from no human mouth; I saw and heard them

“The words I speak come from no human mouth; I saw and heard them in visions sent to me…. I have no confidence in my own capacities – I reach out my hand to God that He may carry me along as a feather borne weightlessly by the wind. ” - Hildegard of Bingen

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h. Adb. JWjt. AYU

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h. Adb. JWjt. AYU

The Rise of Polyphony: End of Romanesque Era – 850 to 1150 Polyphony or

The Rise of Polyphony: End of Romanesque Era – 850 to 1150 Polyphony or Polyphonic Music is the combination of two or more simultaneous melodic lines Single most important development in the history of Western music Helped bring about the use of regular meters A more precise music notation system developed

ORGANUM Earliest polyphonic music was called “Organum” Organum was achieved by adding a second

ORGANUM Earliest polyphonic music was called “Organum” Organum was achieved by adding a second voice to a Gregorian chant at the interval of a 4 th or 5 th Individual voices moved in either “oblique” or “contrary” motion Composers at the cathedral of Notre Dame were at the forefront of this new style of music during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Composers of organum based their pieces on pre-existing Gregorian chants As additional melodic lines of music were added, lines of text were added as well which eventually formed the “Motet”

 Leonin & Perotin Composer at Notre Dame in Paris • Successor to Leonin

Leonin & Perotin Composer at Notre Dame in Paris • Successor to Leonin First major composer of polyphonic music • Expanded the dimensions of the Organum by increasing the number of voice parts Compiled the “Great Book of Organum”

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lta. Vn. J 9 wq. BQ

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lta. Vn. J 9 wq. BQ

Secular Music in the Middle Ages Non-church music that reflected every aspect of medieval

Secular Music in the Middle Ages Non-church music that reflected every aspect of medieval life Medieval Minstrels – wandering musicians France: troubadours (south) and trouvères (north) Germany: Minnesingers Minstrels provided music for various functions of society: dancing, banquets, court ceremonies, tournaments, military music, etc Idealized love, chivalry, honor, valor, passion

Anonymous: Sumer is icumen in (Summer is come) (Listening Guide) One of the earliest

Anonymous: Sumer is icumen in (Summer is come) (Listening Guide) One of the earliest examples of polyphony from England Set as a round Composed around 1250 Text in Middle English Celebrates the coming of summer Lower voices sing ostinato. The original notation of the canon Sumer is icumen in (c. 1250)

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=EHFxx. Zmyx. Dg

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=EHFxx. Zmyx. Dg

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Secular Music in the Middle Ages Ars nova (new art) Musical style that appeared

Secular Music in the Middle Ages Ars nova (new art) Musical style that appeared at the beginning of the 14 th century in France & Italy More refined & complex than music of prior period (Ars Antiqua – old art) Composers turned away from religious themes in favor of more secular themes Further musical developments in rhythm, meter, harmony, and counterpoint

Guillaume de Machaut (c. 13001377) Foremost composer-poet of the Ars-Nova style Turned increasingly from

Guillaume de Machaut (c. 13001377) Foremost composer-poet of the Ars-Nova style Turned increasingly from religious to secular themes Helped to develop the “Motet” Wrote the Messe de Nostre Dame, the earliest known complete setting of the Ordinary of the Mass attributable to a single composer. Guillaume de Machaut

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Me. Jdi. IKw. Rm 8

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Me. Jdi. IKw. Rm 8

TEXT

TEXT

Instruments of the Middle Ages Instrumental music grew in importance in 14 th century

Instruments of the Middle Ages Instrumental music grew in importance in 14 th century Vocal music still primary, however Instrumental music mostly improvised and used to accompany singers Soft (bas) or loud (haut) instruments Categorized by their use (indoor or outdoor)

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS HARP - favorite instrument of the troubadours and minstrels and was about

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS HARP - favorite instrument of the troubadours and minstrels and was about 30 inches in length https: //www. music. iastate. edu/ant iqua/instrument/harp FIDDLE - variety of Medieval Fiddles which were played with a bow or plucked and usually held under the chin or in the crook of the arm. Easily portable and one of the most popular street musical instruments

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS REBEC - The rebec was an instrument with a round pearshaped body

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS REBEC - The rebec was an instrument with a round pearshaped body much like an early violin http: //www. music. iastate. ed u/antiqua/instrument/rebec PSALTERY - The Psaltery was a musical instrument of the Middle Ages which was a cross between a harp and a guitar http: //www. music. iastate. ed u/antiqua/instrument/psalter

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS DULCIMER - The Dulcimer was played by striking the strings with small

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS DULCIMER - The Dulcimer was played by striking the strings with small hammers http: //www. music. iastate. ed u/antiqua/instrument/dulcim er HURDY GURDY - the hurdygurdy was introduced to England during the 12 th century - the bow was replaced by strings attached to a wheel which was cranked by a handle https: //www. music. iastate. edu

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS VIOL - Viols were played with a bow and held on the

STRINGED INSTRUMENTS VIOL - Viols were played with a bow and held on the lap or between the legs https: //www. music. iastat e. edu/antiqua/instrument/ viol LUTE - a plucked instrument having a pearshaped body, a usually bent neck, and a fretted fingerboard. http: //www. music. iastate. ed u/antiqua/instrument/lute

WIND INSTRUMENTS FLUTE - Similar to our FLUTE modern flutes. TRUMPET - Long TRUMPET

WIND INSTRUMENTS FLUTE - Similar to our FLUTE modern flutes. TRUMPET - Long TRUMPET instrument made of metal, often in four parts - often associated with fanfares and pageants

WIND INSTRUMENTS PIPE - The pipe was an extremely basic instrument usually having only

WIND INSTRUMENTS PIPE - The pipe was an extremely basic instrument usually having only a few melody holes http: //www. music. iastate. edu/a ntiqua/instrument/pipeandtabor SHAWM - The shawm was a reed instrument with vent holes https: //www. music. iastate. edu/antiqua/instrument/sh awm

WIND INSTRUMENTS RECORDER - The recorder was an extremely basic instrument with melody holes

WIND INSTRUMENTS RECORDER - The recorder was an extremely basic instrument with melody holes http: //www. music. iastate. edu/a ntiqua/instrument/recorder BAGPIPE - an ancient instrument, used by the poorest people and was made using a goat or sheep skin and a reed pipe http: //www. music. iastate. e

WIND INSTRUMENTS CRUMHORN - The crumhorm (Curved Horn) was introduced in the 1400's as

WIND INSTRUMENTS CRUMHORN - The crumhorm (Curved Horn) was introduced in the 1400's as a double reed musical instrument http: //www. music. iastate. edu/a ntiqua/instrument/crumhorn GEMSHORN - The gemshorn was made of an ox horn and played as a flute-like musical instrument http: //www. music. iastate. edu/antiq ua/instrument/gemshorn

WIND INSTRUMENTS LIZARD - The lizard was a descriptive term for an s-shaped horn

WIND INSTRUMENTS LIZARD - The lizard was a descriptive term for an s-shaped horn http: //www. music. iastate. e du/antiqua/instrument/liza rd SACKBUT – a type of Renaissance trombone http: //www. music. iastate. edu/antiqua/instrument/sa cbut

WIND INSTRUMENTS SERPENT - http: //www. music. iastate. e du/antiqua/instrument/serp ent TRANSVERSE FLUTE –

WIND INSTRUMENTS SERPENT - http: //www. music. iastate. e du/antiqua/instrument/serp ent TRANSVERSE FLUTE – https: //www. music. iastate. ed u/antiqua/instrument/transver seflute

PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS Drums, Cymbals, Triangles, and Tambourines

PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS Drums, Cymbals, Triangles, and Tambourines

ORGANS Medieval organs: – Large instruments for church – Small instruments (portative, positive) https:

ORGANS Medieval organs: – Large instruments for church – Small instruments (portative, positive) https: //www. music. iastate. edu/anti qua/instrument/organetto

PERFORMANCES https: //www. music. iasta te. edu/antiqua/sounds

PERFORMANCES https: //www. music. iasta te. edu/antiqua/sounds