The Early Middle Ages The fall of Rome

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The Early Middle Ages The fall of Rome changed the political, religious, and cultural

The Early Middle Ages The fall of Rome changed the political, religious, and cultural landscape of medieval Europe. 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited

Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne’s empire. 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 3 Charlemagne United Germanic Kingdoms Invasions of Western Europe • Germanic invaders overrun

LESSON 3 Charlemagne United Germanic Kingdoms Invasions of Western Europe • Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400 s • Fighting disrupts trade and government; people abandon cities • Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages—period from 500 to 1500 The Decline of Learning • As cities are abandoned • level of learning declines • Knowledge of Greek language and culture is almost completely lost Loss of a Common Language • Introduction of German language changes Latin • Different dialects developed • Rise of the vernacular (own tongue) 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 Germanic Kingdoms Emerge • Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces • Continual wars

Lesson 3 Germanic Kingdoms Emerge • Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces • Continual wars change borders between kingdoms • The Church provides order and security The Concept of Government Changes • Germans held together by family ties and loyalty, not government • Small communities are governed by unwritten rules and traditions • Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to their chief; live in lord’s hall 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

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6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Clovis Rules the Franks • Germanic people called Franks

Lesson 3 Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Clovis Rules the Franks • Germanic people called Franks hold power in Roman province of Gaul • Clovis, leader of the Franks, converts to Christianity in 496 • Leads warriors against other Germanic armies • Unites Franks into one kingdom with Church’s help by 511 7 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 Germans Adopt Christianity • Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity •

Lesson 3 Germans Adopt Christianity • Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity • Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic groups Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts • Church builds monasteries—where monks live to study and serve God • Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that govern monastic life • His sister Scholastica adapts rules for nuns living in convents • Monks establish schools, preserve learning through libraries 8 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 3 Germans Adopt Christianity Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I • In 590,

Lesson 3 Germans Adopt Christianity Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I • In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, becomes pope • Under Gregory, Church becomes secular—a political power • Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman government • Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor, negotiate treaties • Establishes a Christendom—churchly kingdom fanning out from Rome 9 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 An Empire Evolves • The Franks control largest and strongest of Europe’s

Lesson 3 An Empire Evolves • The Franks control largest and strongest of Europe’s many kingdoms • By 511, Frankish rule extends over what is now France Charles Martel Emerges • Most powerful official in kingdom is major domo—mayor of the palace • In 719, major domo Charles Martel becomes more powerful than king • Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in 732; becomes a Christian hero • Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty— family that ruled 751– 987 10 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 Charlemagne Becomes Emperor From Pepin to Charlemagne • Pepin dies in 768,

Lesson 3 Charlemagne Becomes Emperor From Pepin to Charlemagne • Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to two sons; in 771 one son dies • Second son, Charlemagne (Charles the Great), rules kingdom • Charlemagne’s Government Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Europe, spread Christianity • In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to protect Pope Leo III from mobs • Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “Roman Emperor” • Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together 11 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 3 Charlemagne Becomes Emperor Charlemagne Leads a Revival • Charlemagne limits nobles’ power

Lesson 3 Charlemagne Becomes Emperor Charlemagne Leads a Revival • Charlemagne limits nobles’ power by governing through royal agents • Encourages learning and orders monasteries to open schools Charlemagne’s Heirs • Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, Louis the Pious, rules poorly • Louis’s three grandsons fight for control of empire • In 843 they divide empire into three kingdoms; sign Treaty of Verdun 12 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Method of Spreading Christianity Clovis Converted himself and his army Benedict Wrote rule book

Method of Spreading Christianity Clovis Converted himself and his army Benedict Wrote rule book for monasteries Gregory I Extended papal power; blended church and government power Charles Martel Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours Charlemagne Spread Christianity through conquests; was crowned emperor by pope 13 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 4 Feudalism and Manorialism Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land

LESSON 4 Feudalism and Manorialism Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land -holding and protective alliances, emerged in Europe. Causes Magyar, Muslim, and Viking invasions; decline of centralized government Rise of Feudalism Effects Increased emphasis on warfare and the control of land; well-defined social classes 14 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 4 Feudalism and Manorialism Invaders Attack Western Europe The Vikings Invade from the

LESSON 4 Feudalism and Manorialism Invaders Attack Western Europe The Vikings Invade from the North • Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandinavia—Denmark, Norway, Sweden • Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland • Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity and become farmers Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South • Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade western Europe in late 800 s • Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain • Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread disorder, suffering 15 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 4 A New Social Order: Feudalism Structures Society 850 to 950, feudalism emerges

Lesson 4 A New Social Order: Feudalism Structures Society 850 to 950, feudalism emerges • Feudalism is a political system based on land control • A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services • Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholders The Feudal Pyramid Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with king at the top • Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom • Knights—horsemen—defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs 16 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 4 A New Social Order: Feudalism Social Classes Are Well Defined • Medieval

Lesson 4 A New Social Order: Feudalism Social Classes Are Well Defined • Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups - those who fight: nobles and knights - those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church - those who work: peasants • Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants • Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to place of birth • Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord 17 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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18 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 4 Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism • The lord’s estate, a manor,

Lesson 4 Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism • The lord’s estate, a manor, has an economic system (manor system) • Serfs and free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain • The lord provides housing, farmland, protection from bandits A Self-Contained World Medieval manors include lord’s house, church, workshops, village • Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient New Tools for Farmers People invented new tools for farming • Metal horseshoes and pitchforks invented; new type of harness developed 19 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 4 Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism The Harshness of Manor Life Peasants

Lesson 4 Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism The Harshness of Manor Life Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest • Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income • Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds • Daily grind of raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family • Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years • Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan 20 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Harshness of Manor Life 21 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Harshness of Manor Life 21 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Causes Magyar, Muslim, and Viking invasions; decline of centralized government Rise of Feudalism Effects

Causes Magyar, Muslim, and Viking invasions; decline of centralized government Rise of Feudalism Effects Increased emphasis on warfare and the control of land; well-defined social classes

LESSON 5 Society in the Feudal Era The code of chivalry for knights glorified

LESSON 5 Society in the Feudal Era The code of chivalry for knights glorified both combat and romantic love. 23 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 5 Society in the Feudal Era Knights: Warriors on Horseback The Technology of

LESSON 5 Society in the Feudal Era Knights: Warriors on Horseback The Technology of Warfare Changes • Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons • In 700 s, mounted knights become most important part of an army The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society • By 1100 s, western Europe is battleground of warring nobles • Feudal lords raise private armies of knights • Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons • Knights’ other activities help train them for combat 24 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 5 Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry • By 1100 s knights obey

Lesson 5 Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry • By 1100 s knights obey code of chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act • They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady A Knight’s Training • Boys begin to train for knighthood at age 7; usually knighted at age 21 • Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments—mock battles Brutal Reality of Warfare • Castles are huge fortresses where lords live • Attacking armies use wide range of strategies and weapons 25 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 5 The Literature of Chivalry Epic Poetry • Epic poems recount a hero’s

Lesson 5 The Literature of Chivalry Epic Poetry • Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and adventures • The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s knight fighting Muslims Love Poems and Songs • Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords • Troubadours—traveling poet-musicians—write and sing short verses • Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122– 1204) • Eleanor’s son, Richard the Lion-Hearted, also wrote songs and poems 26 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

courtly love courage war games for glory epic poems Chivalry horses as status symbols

courtly love courage war games for glory epic poems Chivalry horses as status symbols Christian faith loyalty courtesy women on pedestal 27 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 5 Women’s Role in Feudal Society • According to the Church and feudal

Lesson 5 Women’s Role in Feudal Society • According to the Church and feudal society, women are inferior to men Noblewomen • Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s request • Usually confined to activities of the home or convent Peasant Women • Most labor in home and field, bear children, provide for family • Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age 28 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Church and Society in Western Europe Church leaders and political leaders competed for power

Church and Society in Western Europe Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority. 29 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Church and Society in Western Europe ESSENTIAL QUESTION What would Europe look like today

Church and Society in Western Europe ESSENTIAL QUESTION What would Europe look like today if the Crusades had not happened? LESSON 1 The Power of the Church LESSON 2 Church Reform and the Crusades LESSON 3 Changes in Medieval Society LESSON 4 England France Develop LESSON 5 Troubles of the 14 th Century 30 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 1 The Power of the Church leaders and political leaders competed for power

LESSON 1 The Power of the Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority. 31 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 1 The Power of the Church The Far-Reaching Power of the Church The

LESSON 1 The Power of the Church The Far-Reaching Power of the Church The Structure of the Church • Power within Church is organized by status; pope is supreme authority • Clergy—religious officials—includes bishops, priests, and others • Bishops supervise priests, settle Church disputes Religion as a Unifying Force • Religion important in Middle Ages; shared beliefs bond people • Clergy administers the sacraments—rites to achieve salvation • Village church is place of worship and celebration 32 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church The Law of the Church • The Church

The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church The Law of the Church • The Church has system of justice to guide people’s conduct • All medieval Christians expected to obey canon law—Church law • Canon law governs marriages and religious practices • Popes have power over political leaders through threat of - excommunication—banishment from Church, denial of salvation - interdiction—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services • Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands 33 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Church and the Holy Roman Empire Otto I Allies with the Church •

The Church and the Holy Roman Empire Otto I Allies with the Church • Otto I (Otto the Great) is crowned king of Germany in 936 • Limits strength of nobles with help of clergy • Gains support of bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries) • Invades Italy on pope’s behalf; pope crowns him emperor in 962 Sign of Future Conflicts • Otto’s German-Italian lands become Holy Roman Empire • Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about 1100 511 Clovis unites Franks under Christian rule. 732 Charles Martel 900 s Outside 1190 Holy Roman stops Muslim invasions spur growth Empire weakens. 800 Charlemagne of feudalism. 962 Otto the Great crowned emperor. by the pope. 34 500 © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Copyright 1200

The Emperor Clashes with the Pope • Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings appointing

The Emperor Clashes with the Pope • Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings appointing Church officials • Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII excommunicates Henry Showdown at Canossa • Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to beg Gregory forgiveness • Gregory forgives Henry • lay investiture problem is not solved Concordat of Worms • Concordat of Worms is 1122 compromise in Worms, Germany • Compromise: pope appoints bishops • emperor can veto appointment 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Disorder in the Empire The Reign of Frederick I • In 1152, Frederick I,

Disorder in the Empire The Reign of Frederick I • In 1152, Frederick I, nicknamed “Barbarossa” for his red beard, becomes king • Dominates German princes • Disorder breaks out whenever he leaves Germany German States Remain Separate • German kings after Frederick try to revive empire • German princes, who elect kings, prefer to keep them weak 36 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 2 Church Reform and the Crusades The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched

LESSON 2 Church Reform and the Crusades The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades against Muslims. 37 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 2 Church Reform and the Crusades The Age of Faith • Starting in

LESSON 2 Church Reform and the Crusades The Age of Faith • Starting in the 900 s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival • Reformers help restore and expand Church power Problems in the Church • Reformers distressed by issues within the Church • Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects • Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices • Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops • Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops 38 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 2 The Age of Faith Reform and Church Organization • Starting in 1100

Lesson 2 The Age of Faith Reform and Church Organization • Starting in 1100 s, popes reorganize Church like a kingdom • Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe • Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick, poor New Religious Orders • Dominican and Franciscan orders form • Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor • Some new orders for women are founded 39 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 2 Cathedrals—Cities of God • Between 800– 1100, churches are built in Romanesque

Lesson 2 Cathedrals—Cities of God • Between 800– 1100, churches are built in Romanesque style • Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches A New Style of Church Architecture • Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths • Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches • Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures • About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270 40 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 2 The Crusades • In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the

Lesson 2 The Crusades • In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks • Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war” Goals of the Crusades • Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity - Wants control of the Holy Land—Palestine; the area where Jesus lived • Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble • Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting • Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade 41 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 2 The Crusades The First and Second Crusades • Pope promises Crusaders who

Lesson 2 The Crusades The First and Second Crusades • Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven • First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 • Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 • Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states • Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second Crusade fails to retake it • In 1187 Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem 42 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 2 The Crusades The Third Crusade • Third Crusade led by three powerful

Lesson 2 The Crusades The Third Crusade • Third Crusade led by three powerful rulers • One is Richard the Lion-Hearted—king of England • Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard • Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey • In 1192, Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles • Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city 43 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 2 The Crusading Spirit Dwindles • Fourth Crusade: Crusaders loot Constantinople in 1204

Lesson 2 The Crusading Spirit Dwindles • Fourth Crusade: Crusaders loot Constantinople in 1204 • Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims The Strange Story of the Children’s Crusade • In 1212, thousands of “children” set out to conquer Jerusalem • Historians doubt this Children Crusades happed • “Children” most likely landless peasants and laborers 44 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 2 The Effects of the Crusades • Crusades show power of Church in

Lesson 2 The Effects of the Crusades • Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight • Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs • Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia • Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings • Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians 45 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 3 Changes in Medieval Society The feudal system declined as agriculture, trade, finance,

LESSON 3 Changes in Medieval Society The feudal system declined as agriculture, trade, finance, towns, and universities developed. 46 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 3 Changes in Medieval Society A Growing Food Supply • From 800 to

LESSON 3 Changes in Medieval Society A Growing Food Supply • From 800 to 1200 the climate warms, opening more land to farming • Changes in technology result in more food production Switch to Horsepower • Harnessed horses replace oxen in pulling plows and wagons • Horses plow three times as much a day, increasing food supply The Three-Field System • Around 800 three-field system used—plant two fields, let one rest • This produces more food and leads to population increase 47 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

48 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

48 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 The Guilds • Guilds develop—organization of people in the same occupation •

Lesson 3 The Guilds • Guilds develop—organization of people in the same occupation • Merchant guilds begin first; they keep prices up, provide security • Skilled artisans, men and women, form craft guilds • Guilds set standards for quality, prices, wages, working conditions • Guilds supervise training of new members of their craft • The wealth of guilds influences government and economy 49 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 Commercial (Financial) Revolution Fairs and Trade • Europe sees Commercial Revolution—changes in

Lesson 3 Commercial (Financial) Revolution Fairs and Trade • Europe sees Commercial Revolution—changes in business and trade • Trade fairs are held several times a year in towns • Trade routes open to Asia, North Africa, and Byzantine ports Business and Banking Merchants develop credit to avoid carrying large sums of money • Merchants take out loans to purchase goods, and banking grows • Letters of credit—a letter issued by a bank allowing the bearer to withdraw money, eliminated the need to carry large amounts of cash Society Changes Economic changes lead to the growth of cities and of paying jobs 50 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 Urban Life Flourishes • 1000 -1150, Europe’s population rises from 30 million

Lesson 3 Urban Life Flourishes • 1000 -1150, Europe’s population rises from 30 million to 42 million • Most towns are small, but they help drive change Trade and Towns Grow Together • Towns are uncomfortable: crowded, dirty, full of fire hazards • Serfs can become free by living in a town for a year and a day Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order • Feudal lords tax and govern towns, causing resentment • Towns are taken over by burghers—town merchants 51 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 3 The Revival of Learning The Muslim Connection • Christian scholars read translations

Lesson 3 The Revival of Learning The Muslim Connection • Christian scholars read translations of Greek works made by Muslims • Crusaders return with Muslim knowledge of navigation, ships, weapons Scholars and the University • Groups of scholars gather to teach and learn; form universities • Written works not in Latin but in vernacular— everyday language Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy • Thomas Aquinas, a religious scholar, mixes Greek and Christian thought • He is a scholastic—university man; debates issues to increase knowledge 52 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 4 England France Develops As the kingdoms of England France began to develop

LESSON 4 England France Develops As the kingdoms of England France began to develop into nations, certain democratic traditions evolved. 53 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 4 England France Develops England Absorbs Waves of Invaders • England France first

LESSON 4 England France Develops England Absorbs Waves of Invaders • England France first nations in Europe to develop unified governments • Invaders from various European regions invaded Britain Early Invasions • Danish Vikings invade England throughout the 800 s • Alfred the Great and his successors gradually unite England • Danish king Canute invades in 1016, uniting Vikings and Anglo -Saxons The Norman Conquest • In 1066, England is invaded for last time by William the Conqueror • He defeats his rival for English crown, becomes king • William keeps one-fifth of land; hands out rest to supporters 54 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 4 England’s Evolving Government • English rulers’ goal: to control lands in both

Lesson 4 England’s Evolving Government • English rulers’ goal: to control lands in both England France • Henry II—king of England—gains more French land through marriage • Henry is king in England a vassal in France Juries and Common Law • Henry sends judges to all parts of England institutes juries • The judges’ decisions form English common law— unified body of laws • Common law forms the basis of law in many • English-speaking countries 55 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 4 England’s Evolving Government The Magna Carta • In 1215 English nobles force

Lesson 4 England’s Evolving Government The Magna Carta • In 1215 English nobles force King John to sign Magna Carta • Magna Carta—limits king’s power and guarantees basic political rights • English people argue the rights are for all people, not just nobles The Model Parliament • In 1295, Edward I summons wealthy townsmen and knights to raise taxes - Summons two burgesses from every borough—a self governing town - Summons two nights from every county • Together with bishops and lords, they form a parliament—legislative body • Parliament has two houses: House of Lords, House of Commons 56 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 4 Capetian Dynasty Rules France • New French dynasty founded by Hugh Capet—a

Lesson 4 Capetian Dynasty Rules France • New French dynasty founded by Hugh Capet—a duke from central France • The Capetians rule France from Paris from 987– 1328 France Becomes a Separate Kingdom • Early Capetians are weak rulers; gradually kings become stronger Phillip II Expands His Power • Philip II—a powerful Capetian, rules 1180– 1223 • Philip expands land controlled by French king • He establishes bailiffs to collect taxes and run courts 57 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 4 Capetian Dynasty Rules France Phillip II’s Heirs • 1226 to 1270 grandson

Lesson 4 Capetian Dynasty Rules France Phillip II’s Heirs • 1226 to 1270 grandson Louis IX strengthens the central government • 1285 to 1314 Philip IV rules; questions pope’s authority in France • Philip calls meeting of lords and bishops to support his policies • He decides to include commoners in the meeting Estates-General • The meeting is called the Estates-General • Participants in the council come from France’s three Estates - First Estate—Church leaders - Second Estate—lords - Third Estate—commoners, landholders, merchants 58 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 4 Capetian Dynasty Rules France Beginnings of Democracy • England France begin to

Lesson 4 Capetian Dynasty Rules France Beginnings of Democracy • England France begin to establish a democratic tradition • A centralized government is created to rule widespread lands • Common law and court system support a central government • Commoners included in decision making 59 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 5 Troubles of the 14 th Century In the 1300 s, Europe was

LESSON 5 Troubles of the 14 th Century In the 1300 s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, famine, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years’ War. 60 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 5 Troubles of the 14 th Century A Church Divided • During the

LESSON 5 Troubles of the 14 th Century A Church Divided • During the 1300 s, the Church faced a huge division Pope and King Collide • In 1300, Pope Boniface VIII asserts authority over France’s Philip IV • Philip has him imprisoned; pope dies soon after Avignon and the Great Schism • In 1305, French pope is chosen; moves to Avignon—city in France • In 1378, two popes chosen—one in Rome, one in Avignon • Each declares the other false, causing split called Great Schism • In 1417, Council of Constance ends schism, chooses Martin V as pope 61 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 5 A Church Divided Scholars Challenge Church Authority • Englishman John Wycliffe argues

Lesson 5 A Church Divided Scholars Challenge Church Authority • Englishman John Wycliffe argues Jesus is head of the Church, not pope • Wycliffe preaches against wealth and worldliness of clergy • Wycliffe inspires English translation of New Testament • Jan Hus—Bohemian professor—teaches that Bible is final authority • Hus is excommunicated, tried as a heretic, burned at stake in 1415 62 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Great Famine and Bubonic Plague Strike • A series of disasters decrease Europe’s

The Great Famine and Bubonic Plague Strike • A series of disasters decrease Europe’s population • The Great Famine struck between 1315 - 1317 • Severe winters and heavy rains ruined crops • Famine devastated population; effects lasted until the 1320 s The Plague Strikes • In 1300 s, Europe is struck by the Black Death—a deadly disease • The disease may have been the bubonic plague—disease spread by fleas • Begins in Asia; spreads to Italy and other countries over trade routes • About one-third of Europe’s population dies in the epidemic 63 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

Lesson 5 The Great Famine and Bubonic Plague Strike Origins and Impact of the

Lesson 5 The Great Famine and Bubonic Plague Strike Origins and Impact of the Plague • In 1346, plague struck Mongol armies laying siege to Kaffa • Rats invested with disease-carrying fleas got on ships - Merchants traveled with diseased rats to different regions • Plague spreads quickly throughout Europe • In some regions, two-thirds to three-quarters population died Effects of the Plague • Town populations fall, trade declines, prices rise • Some serfs leave manors for paying work • Many Jews blamed and killed; Church suffers weakened stature 64 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 5 The Hundred Years’ War • Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337 – 1453,

Lesson 5 The Hundred Years’ War • Hundred Years’ War—lasts from 1337 – 1453, between England France • English king Edward III claims French throne • War marks the end of medieval society; change in style of warfare The Longbow Changes Warfare • In 1346, English army with longbows beats much larger French army • The English win other victories with longbows in 1356 and 1415 • Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights 65 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

The Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc • Joan of Arc—French peasant girl who

The Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc • Joan of Arc—French peasant girl who believes in visions of saints • She leads French army to victory at Orléans; Charles VII crowned king • In 1430 England’s allies, the Burgundians, capture Joan in battle • The Church condemns Joan as a witch and heretic • On May 30, 1431, she is burned at the stake 66 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

The Hundred Years’ War The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War • Hundred Years’

The Hundred Years’ War The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War • Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453 • France and England experience major changes - rise in nationalistic feelings; king becomes national leader - power and prestige of French monarch increases - religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles • England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses 67 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

68 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

68 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company