Global Studies Regents Review DAY 8 MEDIEVAL EUROPE

Global Studies Regents Review DAY 8: MEDIEVAL EUROPE, THE CRUSADES, THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION, THE PLAGUE

Medieval Europe MEDIEVAL EUROPE = MIDDLE AGES = DARK AGES

Feudalism �Everyone in medieval Europe had a well defined place �A DECENTRALIZED political system where powerful lords (nobles) owned large sections of land Divided land into FIEFS which were given to lesser lords called VASSALS Vassals pledged loyalty and military service in return for land

Knights �KNIGHTS = medieval Europe warriors Similar to the samurai in Japan �Bound by a code of conduct known as CHIVALRY Required to be brave, loyal, and true to their word Also required to protect women

Manorialism �Basis of the medieval economy → ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Manorialism �Lords owned the manor �Serfs were bound to the land, but were not slaves Could not leave the land without lord’s permission Farm the land, repair fences and roads Serfs Lords Protection during times of war; use of land

The Church in Medieval Life Everyday Life � Christians attend village Power of Church � Pope leads the Roman Catholic churches � Some priests run schools in village churches � All Christians pay taxes to the Church � Church has its own court and laws � Church excommunicates those who do not obey the rules Nuns and Monks Reform • • • Set up housing, hospitals, and schools for sick and poor Some become missionaries Some preserve writing by copying books � Church becomes rich and powerful � Some clergy become corrupt � Reformers try to make changes

Secular v. Religious Role of Church Religious Secular �WORLDLY power Largest landowner in medieval Europe Tithe = tax paid by all Christians (10% of income) Power struggles with kings �Serve SPIRITUAL needs of worshipers Instruct in doctrines of the faith Provide sacraments

“All things were under its domain. . . Its power was such that no one could hope to escape its scrutiny. ” Which European institution during the Middle Ages is best described by this statement? 1. The Guild 2. Knighthood 3. The Church 4. The nation-state

The Middle Ages in Western Europe was characterized by 1. The manor system and the importance of land ownership 2. Absolute monarchies and strong central government 3. Decreased emphasis on religion in daily life 4. Extensive trade with Asia and the Middle East

Feudal societies are generally characterized by 1. An emphasis on social order 2. A representative government 3. Many economic opportunities 4. The protection of political rights

The art, music, and philosophy of the medieval period in Europe generally dealt with 1. Human scientific achievements 2. Religious themes 3. Materialism 4. Classic Greek and Roman subjects

In Europe during the Middle Ages, the force that provided unification and stability was the 1. Central government in Rome 2. Military alliance between France and Germany 3. Federation of craft guilds 4. Roman Catholic Church

Feudalism in Western Europe was similar to feudalism in Japan in that 1. Power was based on class relationships 2. Equality among the social classes 3. Direct democracy 4. Monotheism

Which is a characteristic of a feudal society? 1. Rapid social change 2. High literacy rate 3. Industrial based economy 4. Rigid class structure

In European feudal society, an individual’s social status was generally determined by 1. Birth 2. Education and training 3. Individual abilities 4. marriage

Which economic system existed in Europe during the early Middle Ages? 1. Free market 2. Socialism 3. Manorialism 4. Command

The Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages in Europe can best be described as a church that 1. Favored separation from secular governments 2. Avoided involvement in social and educational matters 3. Was a strong force that divided many people 4. Was a stabilizing influence during a period of weak central governments

The Crusades 1095 CE – 1291 CE

Reasons for the Crusades � Christians want to re-capture the Holy Land from Muslims � The Pope believed that the Crusades would increase his power in Europe � Christians believed that their sins would be forgiven if they fought � Nobles hoped to gain wealth and land � Opportunity for adventure and excitement � Serfs hoped to escape their land

Impact of the Crusades SHORT TERM LONG TERM �Christians lost the Holy �Trade increases Land to Muslims �European interest in Eastern fabric, spices, and other goods increases �Europeans become interested in traveling �People learn about other cultures �People of different religions (Christian and Muslim) begin to hate each other �Kings become more powerful �Feudalism weakens – economy based on $, not land

In Europe, a long term effect of the Crusades was 1. The strengthening of the feudal system 2. The adoption of Islamic religious practices 3. An increased demand for goods from the East 4. Increased European isolation

Which statement best describes the result of the Crusades? 1. Europeans maintained a lasting control over much of the Middle East 2. Islamic influence dominated Europe 3. Europeans developed tolerance of non-Christian religions 4. Trade between Europe and the Middle East expanded

What were two indirect results of the Crusades? 1. Trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was strengthened 2. Trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was strengthened 3. Trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened 4. Trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was weakened

In Europe, the Crusades resulted in 1. Greater isolation of the region from the world 2. An increased demand for goods from the Middle East and Asia 3. The adoption of Islam as the official religion of many European nations 4. The strengthening of the feudal system

The Crusades have been called “history’s most successful failures. ” Which statement best explains this expression? 1. The Crusades did not achieve their original goals, but they brought about many desirable changes in Europe. 2. Although the Crusaders captured the Holy Land, they were unable to bring about democratic reforms. 3. The Crusaders helped bring about the fall of the Roman Empire. 4. The Crusaders prevented the Turks from capturing Constantinople for many centuries.

A major goal of the Christian Church during the Crusades (1096 -1291) was to 1. Establish Christianity in western Europe 2. Capture the Holy Land from Islamic rulers 3. Unite warring Arab peoples 4. Strengthen English dominance in the Arab world

The Commercial Revolution 1100 CE – 1300 CE

Italian City States �Cities in Italy became wealthy centers of trade LOCATION, LOCATION – geography Increased interest in trade goods from Middle East as a result of the Crusades �VENICE became most powerful city-state in Italy

Trade Fairs and the Growth of Cities �Most trade in Europe occurred at TRADE FAIRS Took place in towns where trade routes met – typically on rivers �Craftsmen and traders eventually settled at these locations and towns and cities grew �As towns and cities grow, the MIDDLE CLASS emerges – made up of merchants, traders, and artisans

The Hanseatic League � Group of traders and merchants in Northern Germany who joined forces in the 1100 s Banded together to protect their interests � Monopolized trade in the Baltic and North Seas � Worked together to control piracy, build lighthouses, and train sailors

Portugal and the Spice Trade �Spices especially valuable during Middle Ages Pepper and cinnamon �Ottomans conquer the Byzantine Empire and trade to Middle East cut off Need to find an alternate route � 1400 s: Portugal begins to explore the coast of Africa looking for a sea route to Asia � 1500 s: Portugal established trading posts in Africa, India, Japan, and China

Guilds �GUILD: a trade association made up of all people who worked in a particular profession (e. g. baking or weaving) �Why formed? Make sure quality of goods stay high Provide social services to members Regulate hours of work and prices of goods Train apprentices

Rise of CAPITALISM �CAPITALISM Economic system based on trade and money investment (capital) �COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION (business revolution) Developed new ways of doing business � Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies By “pooling” money, could afford to do things together that could not do individually � Banking Loans for big adventures (e. g. sailing to foreign country) Bills of exchange (a promise to pay a certain amount) � Insurance Reduces business risk – if goods damaged or lost, most of the value covered

In Europe during the Middle Ages, increases in trade and commerce resulted in 1. Lower living standards for industrial workers 2. Decreased economic rivalry between kings 3. Increased political power for the clergy 4. Development of towns and cities

Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution? 1. Decline in population growth in Europe 2. Shift of power fro Western Europe to Eastern Europe 3. Spread of feudalism throughout Western Europe 4. Expansion of European influence overseas

Which system developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution? 1. Manorialism 2. Communism 3. Bartering 4. Market economy

The Plague

The Plague �The Bubonic Plague = The BLACK DEATH �A worldwide EPIDEMIC �Highly contagious disease spread by fleas on rats Starts in Asia and spreads to Europe on trade ships

Effects of the Plague � POPULATION LOSSES China: 35 million die Egypt: 7, 000 die per day Europe: 1/3 of population killed off � ECONOMIC DECLINE Farm and industrial production decline People demand higher wages → prices increase Disrupts trade � SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE Feudalism breaks down – peasants revolt against landowners Kings gain more power and build more powerful nations � CONFUSION AND DISORDER People question their faith and the Church Some turn to magic and witchcraft Thousands of Jews murdered – blamed for poisoning wells