Memory The persistence of learning over time through

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Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Table Discussion • Should a murderer with short term or long term memory loss

Table Discussion • Should a murderer with short term or long term memory loss go to prison even though they wouldn't remember committing their crime? • Should they even stand trial?

 • https: //www. nytimes. com/2017/03/14/world /europe/poland-michael-karcocextradition. html? _r=0 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch?

• https: //www. nytimes. com/2017/03/14/world /europe/poland-michael-karcocextradition. html? _r=0 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=m. ZTMn. Jk-Co

Capacity • Estimates of the human brain’s memory capacity vary wildly from 1 to

Capacity • Estimates of the human brain’s memory capacity vary wildly from 1 to 1, 000 terabytes (for comparison, the 19 million volumes in the US Library of Congress represents about 10 terabytes of data).

What physical changes are occurring? • When your attention is grabbed, you become physically

What physical changes are occurring? • When your attention is grabbed, you become physically aroused/stimulated. • Neurotransmitters are firing off and electrochemicals are being released. • Some neurotransmitters tend to act as excitatory (e. g. acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, adrenaline, histamine) or inhibitory (e. g. GABA, glycine, seratonin), while some (e. g. dopamine) may be either.

 • Subtle variations in the mechanisms of neurotransmission allow the brain to respond

• Subtle variations in the mechanisms of neurotransmission allow the brain to respond to the various demands made on it, including the encoding, consolidation, storage and retri eval of memories.

Take out a piece of paper…. . • Name the seven dwarves…. . Now

Take out a piece of paper…. . • Name the seven dwarves…. . Now name them…. .

Was it easy or hard? • It depends on several things…. • If you

Was it easy or hard? • It depends on several things…. • If you like Disney movies? • When was the last time you have seen the movie? • Your just to tired to care. .

What is STATE-DEPENDENT MEMORY • This applies to a person who will better recall

What is STATE-DEPENDENT MEMORY • This applies to a person who will better recall a memory when he is in the same state as when the memory was made. • Includes Mood- Excited, Happy, Sad, Stressed • Could be an in altered state due to chemical stimulates- Caffeine, Alcohol, drugs

Examples • Coaches attempt to create game like conditions for their athletes. Same speed,

Examples • Coaches attempt to create game like conditions for their athletes. Same speed, intensity and stress levels. • Not always true but “You play like you practice”. • The Ducks used to do this really well. • Ducks used to force teams to practice their defense under the same conditions.

Emotions and Learning • Emotions play a huge role in learning and memorizing details.

Emotions and Learning • Emotions play a huge role in learning and memorizing details. • Ex. News stories that make an emotional connection with us and illicit different strong emotions tend to stay with us.

Range of Emotions • Anger • Sadness • Jealously • Happiness

Range of Emotions • Anger • Sadness • Jealously • Happiness

 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=64 A_AJjj 8 M 4

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=64 A_AJjj 8 M 4

Example • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=64 A_AJjj 8 M 4

Example • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=64 A_AJjj 8 M 4

Article • The article states, “You try to make sense out of it based

Article • The article states, “You try to make sense out of it based on the way you view yourself in general. If you wish to view yourself as the hero, you'll introduce memories of yourself as acting in heroic ways. ” How true is this and provide an example from your past? • Is it human nature for us to paint ourselves in the most positive light and is it essential for us to function as individuals because our actions, “reflects negatively on your sense of self. ”

 • If a person remembers an event in a specific manner and truly

• If a person remembers an event in a specific manner and truly believes it, is that person lying?

 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=VTjqyw VKi. Ko • https: //www. youtube. com/watch?

• https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=VTjqyw VKi. Ko • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e. Lh 9 XEA G 9 SU

Transfer Training : Learning task A will carry over/transfer to learning task B. A

Transfer Training : Learning task A will carry over/transfer to learning task B. A B

Negative Transfer A: Boxing B: UFC

Negative Transfer A: Boxing B: UFC

Language: Languages that share a common origin say “romance languages” make them easier to

Language: Languages that share a common origin say “romance languages” make them easier to learn Romance language • • Spanish French Italian Portuguese Bilingual education • language acquisition states that if you are proficient in one language it will transfer to a 2 nd

Information Processing: the way we analyze, store and recall things we learned • Everyone

Information Processing: the way we analyze, store and recall things we learned • Everyone processes information differently or uses different tools to help them learn/memorize and problem solve. One thing we all utilize is Schema.

Schema • Schema represent knowledge about concepts: objects and the relationships they have with

Schema • Schema represent knowledge about concepts: objects and the relationships they have with other objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. • Example: schema for dog. Within that schema you most likely have knowledge about dogs in general (bark, four legs, teeth, hair, tails) • Your knowledge of dogs might also include the fact that they are mammals and thus are warm-blooded and bear their young as opposed to laying eggs. • Depending upon your personal experience, the knowledge of a dog as a pet (domesticated and loyal) or as an animal to fear (likely to bite or attack) may be a part of your schema.

A plane has crash landed on Mt. Hood. Who would have more Schema to

A plane has crash landed on Mt. Hood. Who would have more Schema to pull from to survive Mr. Chavez • Who has been camping once in his life and that was in an R. V. • Has only been to Mt. Hood during the summer, once. • But does watch Wild Alaska, Naked and Afraid and various other shows. Or this guy

Schema and learning What does all this have to do with learning ? •

Schema and learning What does all this have to do with learning ? • Individuals have schemata for everything. Long before students come to school, they develop schemata (units of knowledge) about everything they experience. Reading theory • Schema not only affect the way information is interpreted, thus affecting comprehension, but also continue to change as new information is received. • You create a new reality for your self as you read.

Memory Test and chunking/mnemonic devices Write down these numbers Write down these letters •

Memory Test and chunking/mnemonic devices Write down these numbers Write down these letters • 1 -4 -9 -2 -1 -7 -7 -6 -1 -8 -1 -2 -1 -9 - • XIDKKFCFBIANA 4 -1 ACPCVSSUVROFLNBAQ • • 1492 - Columbus 1776 - American Revolution 1812 - War of 1812 1941 - WWII • • IDK- Text talk KFC- Kentucky Fried Chicken FBI-Federal Bureau of Invest… NAACP- Civil right organization XIBMSATPHDMTVX

Recall Versus Recognition Recall • you must retrieve specific information, events and concepts and

Recall Versus Recognition Recall • you must retrieve specific information, events and concepts and apply them • Short answer or essay tests Recognition • you must identify the target from possible targets. Recognize the right answer • multiple-choice tests

Interference Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number. • Retroactive Interference:

Interference Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number. • Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. • Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.

interference • Example: Spanglish • Latinos living in the U. S use a form

interference • Example: Spanglish • Latinos living in the U. S use a form of Spanish and English mix and Spanish variations that impact students when they learn academic Spanish. • Spanglish Ex. Watchame carro carpeta yarda Watcha Lunche Brekas puchalo chequear Mira= ira nadien= nadie

The Memory Process Three step process…. 1. Encoding: The processing of information into the

The Memory Process Three step process…. 1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Encoding Exercise The Ways we can encode… • Iconic Memory • Echoic Memory •

Encoding Exercise The Ways we can encode… • Iconic Memory • Echoic Memory • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.

Short Term Memory • The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.

Short Term Memory • The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM. • Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically. • Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds. • We recall digits better than letters. Short Term Memory Activity

Long Term Memory • Unlimited storehouse of information. • Explicit (declarative) memories • Implicit

Long Term Memory • Unlimited storehouse of information. • Explicit (declarative) memories • Implicit (nondeclarative) memories

Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories: sometimes called Flashbulb Memories involve a lot of emotion

Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories: sometimes called Flashbulb Memories involve a lot of emotion and very important in our lives. • Semantic Memories: “America” • The name of your first significant other or crush. .

Implicit Memories • Procedural Memories: Motor skills like walking, talking and riding a bike

Implicit Memories • Procedural Memories: Motor skills like walking, talking and riding a bike • Conditioned Memories

Photographic memories • Part 1 • Part 2 • What would be the •

Photographic memories • Part 1 • Part 2 • What would be the • What challenges would benefits of having of a person with such a what many would memory face in their consider a photographic personal life? memory? • Is it really learning?

Endless Memory-Part 1 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 z. Tk. Bg. H Ns.

Endless Memory-Part 1 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 z. Tk. Bg. H Ns. WM

Quiz • Write down the set of numbers and letters from the previous class.

Quiz • Write down the set of numbers and letters from the previous class. • Grade as a test, yes a test….

Endless Memory Part 2 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=en 23 b. Cv p-Fw

Endless Memory Part 2 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=en 23 b. Cv p-Fw

Face blindness Part 1 • What are some strategies you would use if you

Face blindness Part 1 • What are some strategies you would use if you woke up with face blindness?

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dxqs. Bk 7 Wn-Y&spfreload=5

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dxqs. Bk 7 Wn-Y&spfreload=5

Face Blindness Part 2 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q 8 c. Xus 7

Face Blindness Part 2 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q 8 c. Xus 7 SNQY

Test next class period • Slides 1 -17 on power point that is currently

Test next class period • Slides 1 -17 on power point that is currently on our class web site. • mrchavezclass. weebly. com

Athletes & conditioned memories • Athletes are trained for years and in some cases

Athletes & conditioned memories • Athletes are trained for years and in some cases decades and thus will always remember their training. “Muscle Memory" • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SKrjpi. Cn Tos

Constructive Memory • Memories are not always what they seem. • A constructed memory

Constructive Memory • Memories are not always what they seem. • A constructed memory is a created memory. • Misinformation effect • Article-Why We Remember Things the Way We Want to Remember Them. . .

 • According to the Article what leads us to remember given events differently

• According to the Article what leads us to remember given events differently then they actually occurred?

False Memories and Witness identification • Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 • https: //www. youtube.

False Memories and Witness identification • Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. SBTRLo. Puo • Eyewitness Testimony Part 2 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=I 4 V 6 ao. Y u. Dcg

 • What are the factors that led to the misidentification?

• What are the factors that led to the misidentification?

False Memory Case Study • • (Loftus & Coan, 6), a 14 year old

False Memory Case Study • • (Loftus & Coan, 6), a 14 year old boy named Chris was supplied with descriptions of three true events that supposedly happened in Chris's childhood involving Chris's mother and older brother Jim also helped construct one false event.

Case Study cont. … • Chris was instructed to write about all four events

Case Study cont. … • Chris was instructed to write about all four events every day for five days • offering any facts or descriptions he could remember about each event. If he could not recall any additional details he was instructed to write "I don't remember

Chris Case Study cont. • Over the first five days, Chris remembered more and

Chris Case Study cont. • Over the first five days, Chris remembered more and more about getting lost. He remembered that the man who rescued him was "really cool. " • He remembered being scared that he would never see his family again. He remembered his mother scolding him.

Chris Case Study cont. • When asked to describe his getting lost memory, Chris

Chris Case Study cont. • When asked to describe his getting lost memory, Chris provided rich details about the toy store where he got lost and his thoughts at the time ("Uh-oh. I'm in trouble now. ") • He remembered the man who rescued him as wearing a blue flannel shirt, kind of old, kind of bald on top. . "and, he had glasses. "

Conclusion of Case Study • Chris was told that they had in fact lied

Conclusion of Case Study • Chris was told that they had in fact lied to him about the event at the mall. • Chris was adamant that the event did in fact happen and had a difficult time accepting the false memory

Coping Mechanisms • The idea that everyone engages in some form of self-deception at

Coping Mechanisms • The idea that everyone engages in some form of self-deception at least some of the time. • Defense mechanisms are not just an unconscious protective measure to prevent you from connecting with your ravenous instinctual desires. They also protect you from the anxiety of confronting your weaknesses and foibles

Denial • When you use denial, you simply refuse to accept the truth or

Denial • When you use denial, you simply refuse to accept the truth or reality of a fact or experience. • Denial may also be used by victims of trauma or disasters and may even be a beneficial initial protective response. • In the long run, however, denial can prevent you from incorporating unpleasant information about yourself and your life and have potentially destructive consequences.

Repression • One step above denial in the generic classification scheme, repression involves simply

Repression • One step above denial in the generic classification scheme, repression involves simply forgetting something bad. • You might forget an unpleasant experience, in the past, such as a car accident at which you were found to be at fault. • Repression, like denial, can be temporarily beneficial, particularly if you've forgotten something bad that happened to you, but as with denial, if you don't come to grips with the experience it may come back to haunt you.

Life of Pi • Discuss at your table what actually happened on that boat?

Life of Pi • Discuss at your table what actually happened on that boat? • In your notebook write a response to the two questions provided on the half sheet of paper.

Article Question • If a person has no memory of a past crime is

Article Question • If a person has no memory of a past crime is he still guilty?

Three Box Model of Memory

Three Box Model of Memory

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

Spacing Effect • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!! • Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

Spacing Effect • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!! • Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

The Context Matters!!! • Flashbulb Memories • Mood Congruent Memory • State Dependent Memory

The Context Matters!!! • Flashbulb Memories • Mood Congruent Memory • State Dependent Memory

Forgetting

Forgetting

Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation • long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that

Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation • long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. • In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.

 • When CISD fails, it fails because, as scientists have recently learned, the

• When CISD fails, it fails because, as scientists have recently learned, the very act of remembering changes the memory itself. New research is showing that every time we recall an event, the structure of that memory in the brain is altered in light of the present moment, warped by our current feelings and knowledge. That’s why pushing to remember a traumatic event so soon after it occurs doesn’t unburden us; it reinforces the fear and stress that are part of the recollection

Post Quiz • Obtain a computer Click on the tab “TED Talk-Media” Listen to

Post Quiz • Obtain a computer Click on the tab “TED Talk-Media” Listen to it. Answer in your notebook. • They say our personalities are based on our experiences/memories but since the use of social media our interactions have become more frequent but shorter. Given your experience with social media do you think it is impacting our memories/personalities positively or negatively?

 • Given your experience with social media do you think it is impacting

• Given your experience with social media do you think it is impacting our memories positively or negatively?