Memory The persistence of learning over time through

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Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Quiz • Describe three stage model of memory proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard

Quiz • Describe three stage model of memory proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. • Exam this unit on Monday January 14 th

Take out a piece of paper…. . • Name the seven dwarves…. . Now

Take out a piece of paper…. . • Name the seven dwarves…. . Now name them…. .

Was it easy or hard? • It depends on several things…. • If you

Was it easy or hard? • It depends on several things…. • If you like Disney movies? • When was the last time you have seen the movie? • Are people around you being loud pain in the butts so you cannot concentrate?

Recall Versus Recognition Recall • you must retrieve the information from your memory •

Recall Versus Recognition Recall • you must retrieve the information from your memory • fill-in-the blank or essay tests Recognition • you must identify the target from possible targets • multiple-choice tests

The Memory Process Three step process…. 1. Encoding: The processing of information into the

The Memory Process Three step process…. 1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. 2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. 3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Three Box Model of Memory

Three Box Model of Memory

Sensory Memory • A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. • Sperling’s

Sensory Memory • A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information. • Sperling’s research on Iconic Memory • Echoic Memory

Short Term Memory • The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.

Short Term Memory • The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM. • Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically. • Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds. • We recall digits better than letters. Short Term Memory Activity

Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM • Chunking: Organizing items

Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM • Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. 1 -4 -9 -2 -1 -7 -7 -6 -1 -8 -1 -2 -1 -9 -4 -1 • Mnemonic devices • Rehearsal "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums. "

Long Term Memory • Unlimited storehouse of information. • Explicit (declarative) memories • Implicit

Long Term Memory • Unlimited storehouse of information. • Explicit (declarative) memories • Implicit (nondeclarative) memories

Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories • Semantic Memories

Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories • Semantic Memories

Implicit Memories • Procedural Memories • Conditioned Memories

Implicit Memories • Procedural Memories • Conditioned Memories

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

Encoding Information • Primacy Effect • Recency Effect • Serial Positioning Effect

Encoding Information • Primacy Effect • Recency Effect • Serial Positioning Effect

Spacing Effect • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!! • Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

Spacing Effect • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!! • Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

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Encoding Exercise The Ways we can encode… • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture

Encoding Exercise The Ways we can encode… • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.

The Context Matters!!! • Flashbulb Memories • Mood Congruent Memory • State Dependent Memory

The Context Matters!!! • Flashbulb Memories • Mood Congruent Memory • State Dependent Memory

Constructive Memory • Memories are not always what they seem. • Elizabeth Loftus •

Constructive Memory • Memories are not always what they seem. • Elizabeth Loftus • A constructed memory is a created memory. • Misinformation effect

Forgetting

Forgetting

Forgetting PORN • Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information • Retroactive Interference:

Forgetting PORN • Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information • Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number. Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.

Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation • long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that

Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation • long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. • In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.

Amnesia • Anterograde amnesia: the inability to put new information into memory/ hippocampus has

Amnesia • Anterograde amnesia: the inability to put new information into memory/ hippocampus has been destroyed or serious injured • Retrograde amnesia: involves memory loss for a segment of the pas usually around the time of the accident.