Chapter 6 Nutrition 6 1 Types Of Nutrition

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 1 Types Of Nutrition ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Types Of Nutrition Autotrophs ITeach – Biology Form 4 Heterotrophs

Bab 6 Nutrisi Jenis Nutrisi Autotrof ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Heterotrof

Chapter 6 Nutrition Types Of Nutrition Photosynthesis Process of synthesis of food by using light energy Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Process of synthesis of food by using chemical energy ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Jenis Nutrisi Fotosintesis Autotrof Proses penghasilan makanan dengan menggunakan tenaga cahaya Kemosintesis Proses penghasilan makanan dengan menggunakan tenaga kimia ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Types Of Nutrition Heterotrophs Holozoic Hunts and organisms. ITeach – Biology Form 4 eat Saprophytism other Absorbs nutrient from dead and decaying organic matter. Paratism • Absorb nutrient from living hosts. • Ectoparasites endoparasites. and

Bab 6 Nutrisi Jenis Nutrisi Heterotrof Holozoik Buru dan organisma lain. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Saprofitisme makan Menyerap nutrien daripada bahan organik yang telah reput dan mati. Paratisme • Menyerap nutrien daripada perumah lain • Ektoparasit endoparasit. dan

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 2 Balanced Diet ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Balanced Diet Contains correct proportions of all classes of food according to the needs of body. v For various metabolic reactions. The Necessity for a Balanced Diet v Source of energy. v For growth and repair of damaged body tissue. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Gizi Seimbang Gizi seimbang Mengandungi kesemua keperluan makanan mengikut keperluan badan pada kadar yang betul. v Untuk pelbagai tindak balas metabolik. Keperluan Gizi Seimbang v Sumber tenaga. v Untuk membaiki tisu badan yang rosak dan juga untuk pertumbuhan. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Balanced Diet Daily Energy Requirement v Energy value is quantity of heat generated from the combustion of 1 gram of food. v Unit of energy value = joule per gram (Jg-1). ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Gizi Seimbang Keperluan Tenaga Harian v Nilai tenaga ialah kuantiti tenaga haba yang dibebaskan daripada pembakaran 1 gram makanan. v Unit bagi nilai tenaga= joule per gram (Jg-1). ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Balanced Diet Nutrient Content in Food Vitamins For maintenance of good health and efficient metabolism Fat Soluble Vitamins Water Soluble Vitamins § Can be stored in body fat § Obtained from daily diet § Vitamins A, D, E, K § Vitamin B and C ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Gizi Seimbang Kandungan Nutrien Dalam Makanan Vitamin Untuk mengekalkan kesihatan yang baik dan untuk metabolisme yang cekap. Vitamin Larut Lemak Vitamin Larut Air § Boleh disimpan dalam lemak badan § Diperolehi daripada gizi harian § Vitamin A, D, E, K § Vitamin B dan C ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Balanced Diet Nutrient Content in Food Minerals • • Must be obtained through diet Vital for maintenance of good health Macrominerals § Required in large quantity § 100 mg / day § Ex: Calcium, phosphorus ITeach – Biology Form 4 Microminerals § Required less than 20 mg / day § Ex: Ferum, iodine, zinc

Bab 6 Nutrisi Gizi Seimbang Kandungan Nutrien Dalam Makanan Mineral • • Perlu diperolehi melalui gizi Penting untuk mengekalkan kesihatan yang baik Makromineral Mikromineral § Diperlukan dalam jumlah yang banyak § Diperlukan kurang daripada 20 mg sehari § § 100 mg / hari Cth: Kalsium, fosforus § Cth: Besi, zink, iodin ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Balanced Diet Roughage or Dietary Fibre Made up of cellulose. Stimulate peristalsis and pevent constipation Eliminate toxic substances which can cause bowel cancer Constipation roughage. ITeach – Biology Form 4 result from deficiency of

Bab 6 Nutrisi Gizi seimbang Pelawas atau Serat Diet Terdiri daripada selulosa. Meransang sembelit. peristalsis dan menghalang Menyingkirkan bahan bertoksik yang boleh menyebabkan kanser usus. Masalah sembelit disebabkan oleh kekurangan pelawas. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Balanced Diet Act as medium of transport for nutrients Water Healthy adults need 2 to 2. 5 litres of water a day. Water loss need to be replaced to prevent dehydration. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Gizi Seimbang Bertindak sebagai medium pengangkutan untuk mengangkut nutrien. Air Orang dewasa yang sihat memerlukan 2 hingga 2. 5 liter air sehari. Air yang hilang perlu diganti untuk mengelakkan dihidrasi. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Balanced Diet Selection of an Appropriate Balanced Diet Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 ITeach – Biology Form 4 Lipids, salt and sugar Meat and alternatives Fruits and vegetables Rice and alternatives

Gizi Seimbang Pemilihan Gizi Seimbang Aras 4 Aras 3 Aras 2 Aras 1 ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Lipid, garam dan gula Daging dan alternatifnya Buah-buahan dan sayuran Nasi dan alternatifnya

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 3 Malnutrition ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Malnutrition Occurs when a person’s diet is not balanced. Protein deficiency will lead to Kwashiorkor and Marasmus problems. Deficiency diseases caused by inadequate intake of mainly vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Kwashiorkor Osteoporosis result from a diet lacking in calcium. Obesity will result in cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Processing food can cause high blood pressure. ITeach – Biology Form 4 Marasmus

Bab 6 Nutrisi Malnutrisi Berlaku apabila seimbang. gizi seseorang tidak Kekurangan protein membawa kepada masalah Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. Penyakit kekurangan disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengambilan vitamin, mineral dan asid amino. Kwashiorkor Osteoporosis disebabkan oleh kekurangan kalsium di dalam gizi. Kegemukan boleh menyebabkan penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetis melitus. Makanan yang diproses boleh menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Marasmus

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 4 Food Digestion ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion Breaks down of larger food substances to simpler soluble molecules, tiny enough for body to assimilate. digest Starch Protein Lipids ITeach – Biology Form 4 digest Glucose Amino Acids Glycerol + Fatty Acids

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Penguraian bahan makanan yang besar kepada molekul larut yang ringkas, cukup kecil untuk diserap oleh badan. dicerna Kanji Protein Lipid ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 dicerna Glukosa Asid amino Gliserol + Asid lemak

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion Human Digestive System Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Oesophagus Liver Stomach Gall bladder Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Rectum ITeach – Biology Form 4 Takes place in alimentary canal with aid of digestive juices. Physical digestion - breaking down of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion - break down of complex food molecules by digestive enzymes into smaller molecules.

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Sistem Pencernaan Manusia Rongga mulut Kelenjar air liur Farinks Esofagus Hati Perut Berlaku di salur alimentari dengan pertolongan jus pencernaan. Pencernaan fizikal – Penguraian butiran makanan yang besar kepada butiran makanan yang lebih kecil. Pundi hempedu Pankreas Usus besar Usus kecil Rektum ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Pencernaan kimia. Penguraian molekul kompleks makanan oleh enzim pencernaan kepada molekul yang lebih kecil.

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion in the Mouth Starch + water salivary amilase maltose Peristalsis: A series of wave-like muscular contraction along oesophageal wall. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Pencernaan Dalam Mulut Kanji+ air Air liur amilase Maltosa Peristalsis: Satu siri pengecutan otot sepanjang dinding esofagus. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion in the Stomach Gastric glands secrete gastric juice. Gastric juice consists of mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin and rennin. Food stomach Oesophagus Lung High acidity (p. H 2)- sufficient to destroy existence bacteria in food. Protein + water Caseinogen Diaphragm pepsin rennin Stomach Finally, chyme is produced. ITeach – Biology Form 4 polypeptides casein

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Pencernaan di Perut Kelenjar gastrik merembeskan jus gastrik. Jus gastrik terdiri daripada mukus, asid hidroklorik, enzim pepsin dan renin. Makanan perut Esofagus Peparu Keasidan yang tinggi (p. H 2)- Cukup untuk memusnahkan kehadiran bakteria dalam makanan. Protein + air Peparu Kaseinogen pepsin renin Diafragma Perut Akhirnya, kim dihasilkan. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 polipeptida kasein

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion in Small Intestine Liver Duodenum Ileum Duodenum Pancreas Liver Pancreas Ileum v v v ITeach – Biology Form 4 Receives chyme from stomach Secrete intestinal juice Produced bile that helps acidicenzyme chyme Secretes pancreatic juiceneutralise that contains and optimises p. H forlipids enzyme action in here duodenum amylase, trypsin and lipase Major site of nutrient absorption Starch, protein and are digested

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Pencernaan Di Usus Kecil Duodenum Ileum v v ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Hati Pankreas Menghasilkan hempedu membantu Menerima kim daripada perut yang Merembeskan jus usus Merembeskan jus pankreas yang mengandungi meneutralkan kim yang berasid dan enzim amilase, tripsin dan lipase Tapak penyerapan nutrien utama mengoptimumkan p. H untuk tindak balas enzim Kanji, protein dan lipid dicernakan disini dalam duodenum

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion Digestive System in Ruminants Rumen Reticulum Abomasum Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum Omasum Proteins food substances are digested by Celluloseand is hydrolysed. Reswallowed cud is moved to omasum. digestive enzymes. Cellulose is brokenagain down by Cud is swallowed intocellulase. mouth and Large particle of food are broken downsmall into The food thendown passes through chewed to break cellulose. smaller pieces by peristalsis. intestine. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Sistem Pencernaan Ruminan dan Rodensia Rumen Retikulum Abomasum Rumen Retikulum Omasum Abomasum Omasum Selulosa dihidrolisis. Protein dan bahan makanan dicerna oleh enzim Selulosa diuraikan olehdibawa selulase. Makanan yang ditelan ke omasum. pencernaan. Makanan yang telah dimakan diluah semula Partikel makanan yang besar akan diuraikan ke dalam mulut dan dikunyah semula Makanan kemudiannya dihantar ke untuk usus kepada kecil oleh peristalsis. penguraian selulosa. kecil. kepingan ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion Rodents ileum caecum Have long and large caecum. Cellulose is digested in the caecum by bacteria. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Rodensia ileum sekum Mempunyai sekum yang besar dan panjang. Selulosa dicernakan di dalam sekum oleh bakteria. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Food Digestion Comparison of Digestive Process in Humans, Ruminants and Rodents Human Ruminant Rodent Cannot digest cellulose Digest cellulose in stomach Digest cellulose in the caecum No enzyme cellulase Enzyme cellulose is secreted in the stomach Enzyme cellulose is secreated in the caecum Stomach has one chamber Stomach has four chambers Stomach has one chamber Caecum is short Caecum is long and large ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pencernaan Makanan Perbezaan Proses Pencernaan Manusia, Ruminan dan Rodensia Manusia Ruminan Rodensia Tidak dapat mencerna selulosa Mencerna selulosa di dalam perut Mencerna selulosa di dalam sekum Tiada enzim selulase Enzim selulase dirembeskan di dalam perut Enzim selulase dirembeskan di dalam sekum Perut mempunyai satu ruang Perut mempunyai empat ruang Perut mempunyai satu ruang Sekum yang pendek Sekum besar dan panjang ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 5 Absorption And Assimilation Of Digested Food ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Absorption And Assimilation Of Digested Food Epithelian cells Microvilli Blood capillaries Lacteal Epithelial cell Villus, microvilli, blood capillaries and lacteal increase the rate of nutrient absorption and assimilation. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Penyerapan Dan Asimilasi Makanan Tercerna Sel epitelium Mikrovilus Kapilari darah Lakteal Sel epitelium Vilus, mikrovilus, kapilari darah dan lakteal meningkatkan kadar penyerapan dan asimilasi nutrien. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Absorption And Assimilation Of Digested Food Absorption of Digested Food Capillary networkallows transport nutrient to liver Epithelial cellallows rapid diffusion of nutrients Lactealallows absorptions of fat To thoracic duct (fat droplets, A, D, E, K) ITeach – Biology Form 4 Vitamin To liver – (glucose, amino acids, minerals)

Bab 6 Nutrisi Penyerapan Dan Asimilasi Makanan Tercerna Penyerapan Makanan Tercerna Jaringan kapilari. Membenarkan pengangkutan nutrien ke hati Sel epitelium. Membenarkan nutrien berlaku cepat resapan dengan Lakteal. Membenarkan penyerapan lemak Ke duktus toraks (titisan lemak, A, D, E, K) ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 vitamin Ke hati – (glukosa, asid amino, mineral)

Chapter 6 Nutrition Absorption And Assimilation Of Digested Food Assimilation is where nutrients are used to form complex compounds. Deamination – Broken down process of excess amino acid in liver. • Glucose --> Glycogen • Glycogen -->Glucose Detoxification - liver cells remove harmful substances from blood or convert them to less toxic compounds. ITeach – Biology Form 4 • Excess glucose --> Lipids • Amino acid --> Plasma protein

Bab 6 Nutrisi Penyerapan Dan Asimilasi Makanan Tercerna Asimilasi adalah dimana nutrien digunakan untuk menghasilkan sebatian kompleks. Deaminasi – Proses penguraian lebihan asid amino di dalam hati. • Glukosa--> Glikogen • Glikogen -->Glukosa Detoksifikasi. Sel hati menyingkirkan sebatian berbahaya daripada darah atau menukarkan nya kepada bahan kurang berbahaya. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 • Lebihan glukosa--> Lipid • Asid amino--> Protein plasma

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 6 Formation Of Faeces And Defaecation ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Formation Of Faeces And Defaecation Formation of Faeces and Defaecation Avoid toxicity in human body. colon Excrete wastes and unwanted toxic substances. solid waste rectum The formation of faeces in the colon ITeach – Biology Form 4 Defective defaecation may lead to headache and lost appetite.

Bab 6 Nutrisi Pembentukan Bahan Perkumuhan dan Penyahtinjaan Mengelakkan ketoksikan dalam badan manusia kolon bahan buangan pejal rektum Pembentukan tinja di dalam kolon ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Bahan buangan dan bahan toksik yang tidak dikehendaki dikumuhkan. Masalah penyahtinjaan boleh menyebabkan pening kepala dan hilang selera makan.

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 7 Evaluating Eating Habits ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Evaluating Eating Habits Good eating habits mean taking food in the adequate quantity at the right time. Bulimia Health Problem Related to Bad Eating Habits Anorexia nervosa Obesity Gastritis ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Penilaian Tabiat Pemakanan Tabiat pemakanan yang baik bermaksud mengambil makanan dalam kuantiti yang mencukupi pada masa yang betul. Bulemia Masalah Kesihatan Yang Berkait Dengan Tabiat Pemakanan Anoreksia nervosa Kegemukan Gastrik ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 8 The Importance Of A Healthy Digestive System ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Importance Of A Healthy Digestive System Indigestion v Overeating v Too much spicy food Constipation Effects of a Defective Digestive System on Health Haemorrhoids v Prolonged constipation v Diarrhoea Formation of bile stone ITeach – Biology Form 4 v Prevent the flow of bile to duodenum

Bab 6 Nutrisi Kepentingan Sistem Pencernaan Yang Sihat Ketakcernaan v Terlebih makan v Telalu banyak makanan pedas Sembelit Kesan Sistem Pencernaan Yang Lemah Terhadap Kesihatan Buasir v Sembelit berpanjangan v Cirit birit Pembentukan batu hempedu ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 v Menghalang pengaliran hempedu ke duodenum

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Importance Of A Healthy Digestive System Ways to Take Care of Digestive System § Good eating habit ITeach – Biology Form 4 § Avoid junk food § Eat nutritious food

Bab 6 Nutrisi Kepentingan Sistem Pencernaan Yang Sihat Cara Menjaga Sistem Pencernaan § Tabiat pemakanan yang baik ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 § § Elakkan makanan ringan Makan makanan berkhasiat

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 9 The Importance Of Macronutrients And Micronutrients In Plants ITeach – Biology Form 4

The Importance Of Macronutrients And Micronutrients In Plants Chapter 6 Nutrition To accomplish their life cycle, growth and development. The Importance of Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Plants Ex: Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Kepentingan Makronutrien dan Mikronutrien Pada Tumbuhan Melengkapkan kitar hidup, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tumbuhan. Kepentingan Makronutrien dan Mikronutrien Pada Tumbuhan Cth: Karbon (C), hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O). ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Importance Of Macronutrients And Micronutrients In Plants Function of Macronutrient in Plants Element Function Nitrogen To synthesis chlorophyll Phosphorus Necessary for cell division Potassium Protein synthesis, metabolism Calcium Needed formation of cell wall Magnesium To synthesis chlorophyll and protoplasm Sulphur To synthesis protein and nucleic acids ITeach – Biology Form 4 carbohydrate

Bab 6 Nutrisi Kepentingan Makronutrien dan Mikronutrien Pada Tumbuhan Fungsi Makronutrien Dalam Tumbuhan Unsur Fungsi Nitrogen Untuk sintesis klorofil Fosforus Penting untuk pembahagian sel Kalium Sintesis protein, metabolisma karbohidrat Kalsium Diperlukan untuk pembentukan dinding sel Magnesium Untuk sintesis klorofil dan protoplasma Sulfur Untuk sintesis protein dan asid nukleik ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Importance Of Macronutrients And Micronutrients In Plants The Effects of Macronutrient Deficiency § General yellowing of affected leaves § Red spots on leaves surfaces Poor growth § § Red or purple spots on old leaves ITeach – Biology Form 4 Ca § § Stunted growth Leaves become distorted K § § Yellow-edged leaves Plant will die S Mg P N § Leaves yellow turn

Kepentingan Makronutrien dan Mikronutrien Pada Tumbuhan Bab 6 Nutrisi Kesan Kekurangan Makronutrien § Ca § Daun yang terjejas berwarna kekuning -kuningan § Bintik merah pada permukaan daun § Pertumbuhan tidak sihat § Bintik merah atau ungu pada daun tua ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 § S § Mg P K § N Pertumbuhan terbantut Daun herot-berot (tidak lurus) Pinggir daun kekuningan Tumbuhan akan mati § Daun bertukar kuning

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Importance Of Macronutrients And Micronutrients In Plants Function of Micronutrients in Plant Element Function Boron Necessary for the development of apical meristems Copper Reproductive formation Ferum To synthesis chlorophyll Manganese Activate certain enzymes Molybdenum For nitrogen metabolism Zinc ITeach – Biology Form 4 growth and flower Formation of leaves, synthesis of auxin

Bab 6 Nutrisi Kepentingan Makronutrien dan Mikronutrien Pada Tumbuhan Fungsi Mikronutrien Dalam Tumbuhan Fungsi Unsur Boron Kuprum Besi Penting untuk meristem apeks perkembangan Pembentukan bunga pertumbuhan organ pembiakan Sintesis klorofil Mangan Mengaktifkan enzim tertentu Molibdenum Untuk metabolisma nitrogen Zink ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 dan Pembentukan daun, sisntesis auksin

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Importance Of Macronutrients And Micronutrients In Plants The Effects of Micronutrient Deficiency § § Death of terminal buds, abnormal plant growth Brown spots between the veins B Fe § Yellowing of young leaves Cu § § Brown spots Death of tips of young shoots § Chlorosis Mn Mo § Mottled leaves ITeach – Biology Form 4 Zn

Bab 6 Nutrisi Kepentingan Makronutrien dan Mikronutrien Pada Tumbuhan Kesan Kekurangan Mikronutrien § § § Pangkal tunas akan mati, pertumbuhan menjadi tidak normal Bintik perang antara vena daun Daun bercapuk ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 B § Fe Cu § Bintik perang § Hujung pucuk muda akan mati Mo § Mn Zn Daun muda akan kekuningan Klorosis

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 10 Photosynthesis ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Photosynthesis Discovery Of Photosynthesis 1640 Jean Baptiste Van Helmont Study how plants grow 1772 Joseph Priestly Show green plant restore O 2 1779 Jan Ingenhousz Discover plant release O 2 in presence of sunlight 1780 Jean Senebier Prove plant release O 2 when there is CO 2 1845 Robert Mayer Find light energy convert to chemical energy 1905 F. F Blackman Determine photosynthesis involve light and dark reaction 1905 Robert Hill Verify photosynthesis require sunlight, water and CO 2 Photosynthesis = CO 2 + Water ITeach – Biology Form 4 light Carbohydrate + O 2 (glucose)

Bab 6 Nutrisi Fotosintesis Penemuan Fotosintesis 1640 Jean Baptiste Van Helmont Mengkaji bagaimana tumbuhan membesar 1772 Joseph Priestly Menunjukkan tumbuhan hijau membebaskan O 2 1779 Jan Ingenhousz Menemukan tumbuhan membebaskan O 2 dengan kehadiran cahaya matahari 1780 Jean Senebier Membuktikan tumbuhan membebaskan O 2 dengan kehadiran CO 2 1845 Robert Mayer Menjumpai bahawa tenaga cahaya ditukarkan kepada tenaga kimia 1905 F. F Blackman Memutuskan fotosintesis melibatkan tindak balas cahaya dan gelap 1905 Robert Hill Mengesahkan fotosintesis memerlukan cahaya matahari, air dan CO 2 Fotosintesis = CO 2 + Air ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 cahaya Karbohidrat + O 2 (glukosa)

Chapter 6 Nutrition Photosynthesis Leaf Structure and Function Cuticle - Enables the leaf to trap sunlight Upper epidermis -Prevents loss of water. Palisade mesophyll Contains many chloroplasts. - Absorbs sunlight. Spongy mesophyl cell -Allow diffusion of water and gases. Guard cells - Regulate opening and closures of pores Stomata - Allows gaseous exchange between leaf and environment ITeach – Biology Form 4 Xylem - Transports water from roots to the leaf Phloem - Transports organic product away from the leaf

Bab 6 Nutrisi Fotosintesis Struktur Daun dan Fungsinya Kutikel -Membolehkan daun memerangkap cahaya matahari Epidermis atas -Menghalang kehilangan air Sel mesofil berspan -Membenarkan resapan air dan gas Sel mesofil Salur xilem Ruang udara Molekul air Sel pengawal Stoma Sel pengawal -Mengawal pembukaan dan penutupan liang Stomata - Membenarkan pertukaran gas antara daun dan persekitaran ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Mesofil palisad - Mengandungi banyak kloroplas - Menyerap cahaya Xilem - Mengangkut air daripada akar ke daun Floem - Mengangkut hasil organik dari daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan

Chapter 6 Nutrition Photosynthesis Adaption of Plants from Different Habitats to Carry Out Photosynthesis v Land plants Ex: Hibiscus • • More stomata on the lower surface of the leaf An abundant chloroplast in palisade cells and spongy mesophyll cells v Plant floating on surface of water Adaption of Plants from Different Habitats Ex: Water lily • Large, round and flat leaves • Chloroplast are found in leaves and stems v Desert plants Ex: Cactus • Reduced leaves sunken stomata • Leaves in thorn form ITeach – Biology Form 4 with

Bab 6 Nutrisi Fotosintesis Penyesuaian Tumbuhan Di Habitat Yang Berlainan Untuk Menjalankan Fotosintesis v Tumbuhan darat Cth: Bunga raya • • Penyesuaian Tumbuhan Di Habitat Yang Berlainan Lebih banyak stomata pada permukaan bawah daun Banyak kloroplas pada sel palisad dan sel mesofil berspan v Tumbuhan terapung pada permukaan air Cth: Telipok • Daun yang besar, bulat dan rata • Kloroplas dijumpai pada daun dan batang v Tumbuhan Gurun Cth: Kaktus • Daun dikurangkan dengan stomata terbenam • Daun dalam bentuk duri ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 11 The Mechanism Of Photosynthesis ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Mechanism Of Photosynthesis The Mechanism of Photosynthesis Two main stages in photosynthesis are light reaction and dark reaction. Granum § Stroma Light reaction occur here. § Dark reaction occur here § Two main substances required: H 2 O, sunlight § § Products: H 2 O + O 2 + ATP Three main substances required: ion hydrogen, CO 2, ATP § Products: H 2 O + Glucose ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Mekanisme Fotosintesis Dua peringkat dalam fotosintesis adalah tindak balas cahaya dan tindak balas gelap. Granum § Tindak balas cahaya berlaku di sini. § Dua bahan utama diperlukan: H 2 O, cahaya matahari Hasil: H 2 O + O 2 + ATP § ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Stroma § Tindak balas gelap berlaku di sini. § Tiga bahan utama diperlukan : ion hidrogen, CO 2, ATP § Hasil: H 2 O + Glukosa

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 12 The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Light Intensity 3 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Concentration of Carbon Dioxide Temperature ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Fotosintesis Keamatan cahaya 3 Faktor. Yang Mempengaruhi Fotosintesis Kepekatan karbon dioksida Suhu ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Concentration of Light Intensity Carbon Dioxide Rate of photosynthesis Concentration Light intensity of carbon dioxide Rate of photosynthesis increases when concentration of CO 2 increases. Beyond point P, light intensity is no longer a limiting factor because of insufficient CO 2 At BC, increasing CO of concentration will not increase the rate of 2 photosynthesis because light intensity and temperature are limiting factors. ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Fotosintesis Kepekatan Keamatan Cahaya Karbon Dioksida Kadar fotosintesis Keamatan cahaya Kepekatan karbon dioksida Kadar fotosintesis meningkat apabila kepekatan CO 2 meningkat. Selepas titik P, keamatan cahaya tidak lagi menjadi faktor penghad kekurangan CO 2 CO tidak akan meningkatkan Pada BC, kerana peningkatan kepekatan 2 kadar fotosintesis kerana keamatan cahaya dan suhu merupakan faktor penghad. ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Temperature Rate of photosynthesis Optimum temperature: 25 o. C to 30 o. C. Optimum temperature At temperature above 40 o. C, enzymes are denaturated cause rate of photosynthesis to decrease and stops. Temperature Conclusion: ITeach – Biology Form 4 When temperature increase as much as 10 o. C, rate of photosynthesis increases doubly. Photosynthesis rate is high when light intensity and temperature are high.

Bab 6 Nutrisi Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Fotosintesis Suhu Kadar fotosintesis Suhu optimum: 25 o. C hingga 30 o. C. Suhu optimum Pada suhu di atas 40 o. C, enzim akan dinyahasli menyebabkan kadar fotosintesis menurun dan terhenti. Suhu Kesimpulan: ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 Apabila suhu meningkat sebanyak 10 o. C, kadar fotosintesis akan meningkat dua kali ganda. Kadar fotosintesis tinggi apabila keamatan cahaya dan suhu tinggi.

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 13 A Caring Attitude Towards Plants ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition A Caring Attitude Towards Plants The Importance of A Good Attitude towards Plants Maintains contents of O 2 and CO 2 in air Regulates climate Provide wildlife and fish habitat normal Plays important roles in ecosystem Produces green foods ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Sikap Kasih Sayang Terhadap Tumbuhan Kepentingan Sikap Baik Terhadap Tumbuhan Mengekalkan kandungan O 2 dan CO 2 di udara Menyediakan habitat untuk ikan dan binatang liar Memainkan peranan penting dalam ekosistem Mengawal cuaca Menghasilkan makanan hijau ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 14 Technology Used In Food Production ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Technology Used In Food Production Crop rotation Direct seeding Method used to improve the quality and quantity of food production Hydroponics Aeroponics Breeding of plant Animal breeding Biological control ITeach – Biology Form 4 x

Bab 6 Nutrisi Teknologi Yang Digunakan Dalam Penghasilan Makanan Giliran tanaman Penanaman tabur terus Kaedah Yang Digunakan Untuk Meningkatkan Kualiti dan Kuantiti Penghasilan Makanan Hidroponik Aerofonik Pembiakbakaan tumbuhan Pembiakbakaan haiwan Kawalan biologi ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 x

Chapter 6 Nutrition 6. 15 Technological Development In Food Processing ITeach – Biology Form 4

Chapter 6 Nutrition Technological Development In Food Processing Process of preparing food to make it more attractive, more edible and last longer To preserve food from food spoilage To enhance its commercial value The Necessity for Food Processing Expanding the uses of food substances ITeach – Biology Form 4 To withstand long periods of transportation and storage

Bab 6 Nutrisi Perkembangan Teknologi Dalam Pemprosesan Makanan Proses penyediaan makanan untuk membuatkannya lebih menarik, lebih sedap di makan dan tahan lama Mengelak daripada rosak makanan Meningkatkan nilai komersial makanan Keperluan Pemprosesan Makanan Meningkatkan penggunaan makanan ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 bahan Boleh tahan lama untuk tujuan penghantaran dan penyimpanan

Chapter 6 Nutrition Technological Development In Food Processing Food Preservation Involves methods of preparing food to increase lifespan of food. Oxidation of food What causes food spoilage? The action of microorganism on food Infestation by insects and rodents ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Perkembangan Teknologi Dalam Pemprosesan Makanan Pengawetan makanan Melibatkan kaedah penyediaan makanan meningkatkan jangka hayat sesuatu makanan. Pengoksidaan makanan Apa yang menyebabkan makanan rosak? Tindakan mikroorganisma atas makanan ke Serangan oleh serangga dan rodensia ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4 untuk

Chapter 6 Nutrition Technological Development In Food Processing Types of Processing Method Cooking Pickling Fermentation 7 Types of Processing Method Drying Pasteurisation Canning Refrigeration ITeach – Biology Form 4

Bab 6 Nutrisi Perkembangan Teknologi Dalam Pemprosesan Makanan Jenis-Jenis Kaedah Pemprosesan Memasak Penjerukkan Penapaian 7 Jenis Kaedah Pemprosesan Pengeringan Pempasteuran Pengetinan Penyejukbekuan ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4