An Overview of Nutrition Chapter 1 Whitney Rolfes

An Overview of Nutrition Chapter 1 Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Food Choices § Choices are highly personal § Social or behavioral motives § Personal preference § Taste § Sweet and salty § Genetics § Habit § Ethnic heritage or tradition Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Food Choices § Social interactions § Availability, convenience, and economy § Benefits of home-cooked meals § Positive and negative associations § Emotions § Boredom, depression, anxiety § Stress Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Food Choices § Values § Religious beliefs, political views, environmental concerns § Body weight and image § Nutrition and health benefits § Functional foods § Examples Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

The Nutrients § Water § Carbohydrates § Hydrogen & oxygen § Inorganic § Minerals § Simplest nutrient § Inorganic § Vitamins § Organic § Proteins § Organic § Contains nitrogen § Lipids (fats) § Organic Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

The Nutrients Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrient Composition of the Body Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Energy-Yielding Nutrients § Provide kcalories § Carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g § Protein = 4 kcal/g § Fat = 9 kcal/g § Alcohol § Not a nutrient § Yields energy – 7 kcal/g § Macronutrients vs. micronutrients Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Energy-Yielding Nutrients § Amount of energy in food § Depends on macronutrient composition § Using nutrients for energy § Breaking of bonds § Storage of excess energy § Metabolism § Materials for building body tissues § Regulation of bodily activities Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

The Vitamins § Thirteen organic vitamins § Water-soluble vitamins § Fat-soluble vitamins § Facilitate energy release § Almost every bodily action requires assistance from vitamins § Vulnerable to destruction § Examples Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

The Minerals & Water § Minerals § Do not yield energy § Sixteen essential minerals § Indestructible § Causes of mineral losses from foods § Water § Medium for nearly all body activities Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

The Science of Nutrition § Foundation in several other sciences § Biology, biochemistry, physiology § Tremendous growth § Sequencing of human genome § Nutritional genomics Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Conducting Research § Use of scientific method § Systematic process for conducting research § Research studies § Controls § Randomization § Sample size § Placebos § Double-blind experiments Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

The Scientific Method Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

OBSERVATION & QUESTION Identify a problem to be solved or ask a specific question to be answered. HYPOTHESIS & PREDICTION Formulate a hypothesis—a tentative solution to the problem or answer to the question—and make a prediction that can be tested. EXPERIMENT Design a study and conduct the research to collect relevant data. RESULTS & INTERPRETATIONS Summarize, analyze, and interpret the data; draw conclusions. HYPOTHESIS SUPPORTED THEORY Develop a theory that integrates conclusions with those from numerous other studies. HYPOTHESIS NOT SUPPORTED NEW OBSERVATIONS & QUESTIONS Stepped Art Fig. 1 -3, p. 12

Conducting Research § Epidemiological studies § Cross-sectional studies § Case-control studies § Cohort studies § Experimental studies § Laboratory-based animal studies § Laboratory-base in vitro studies § Clinical trials Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Conducting Research Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Analyzing Research Findings § Correlations – only prove association § Positive correlation § Not necessarily a desired outcome § Negative correlation § No correlation § Cautious interpretations and conclusions § Accumulation of evidence Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Publishing Research § Peer review § Research has validity § Findings are preliminary when published § Not meaningful by themselves § Findings need to be replicated Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes § Standards defined for: § Energy nutrients § Other dietary components § Physical activity § Collaborative effort of U. S. and Canada § Recommendations apply to healthy people § May be different for specific groups Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes § Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) § Average amount sufficient for half of population § Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) § Recommendations to meet needs of most healthy people § About 98% of population Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes § Adequate Intakes (AI) § Insufficient scientific evidence § AI value set instead of RDA § Expected to exceed average requirements § Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) § Point where nutrient is likely to be toxic § Helps protect against overconsumption Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes § Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) § Average dietary energy intake to maintain energy balance § Healthy body weight § Physical activity § No upper level Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes § Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) § Adequate energy and nutrients § Reduce risk of chronic diseases § Ranges § 45 -65% kcalories from carbohydrate § 20 -35% kcalories from fat § 10 -35% kcalories from protein Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Dietary Reference Intakes § Estimates apply to healthy people § Needed adjustments § Recommendations – not minimum levels nor optimal levels § Goals intended to be met through diet § Apply to average daily intakes § Each DRI category serves a unique purpose Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Assessment – Individual Level § Deficiency or excess over time leads to malnutrition § Symptoms of malnutrition § Diarrhea § Skin rashes § Fatigue § Others Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Assessment – Individual Level § Creating a “total picture” of the individual § Historical information § Health status, SES, drug use § Diet history – intake over several days; portion sizes; computer analysis § Anthropometric measurements § Height and weight – track to identify trends § Physical examinations § Laboratory tests Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Assessment – Individual Level Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Assessment – Individual Level Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Assessment – Population Level § National nutrition surveys § National nutrition monitoring program § Coordinates two major national surveys § Oversample high-risk groups § National health goals § Healthy People § National trends Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Diet and Health § Food plays vital role in supporting health § Chronic disease – epidemic levels § Multiple factors over multiple years § Leading causes of death § Risk factors § Presence or absence in relation to disease § Tend to persist over time § Tend to cluster Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Diet and Health Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Highlight 1 Nutrition Information and Misinformation Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Information & Misinformation § Validity of information § Who is providing information? § Qualifications § Internet § Anyone can publish anything § No guarantees of accuracy § Evaluate websites § Who, When, Where, Why, and What? Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Information & Misinformation § News § Often tell lopsided story § Testimonials § Tight deadlines § Limited understanding § Current and controversial Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Information & Misinformation § Identifying nutrition experts § Physicians & other health-care professionals § Training in nutrition is limited § Registered Dietitian (RD) § Degree and clinical internship § National exam § Maintain up-to-date knowledge § Dietetic Technician Registered (DTR) Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition

Nutrition Information & Misinformation Whitney & Rolfes – Understanding Nutrition, 12 th Edition