Chapter 1 Nutrition Everyday Choices Nutrition Terms Nutrition

Chapter 1 Nutrition: Everyday Choices

Nutrition Terms • Nutrition is a science that studies the interactions between living organisms and food. • Nutrients and energy are provided by food. • Energy is measured in calories. • Essential nutrients must be provided by diet. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Nutrient Density Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Phytochemicals • Phytochemicals: substances found in plant foods that are not essential nutrients but may have health-promoting properties Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Functional Foods • Functional foods: foods that have healthpromoting and/or disease-preventing properties beyond basic nutritional functions Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Food or Dietary Supplement? Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What influences food choices? Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Classes of Nutrients: Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Classes of Nutrients: Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Classes of Nutrients: Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Classes of Nutrients: Micronutrients: Vitamins, Minerals and Water • Micronutrients provide no energy but are necessary for proper functioning of the body. • Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals. • Micronutrients are very important for good health, but are required in small amounts. • Micronutrients can be found in most fresh foods. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What Nutrients Do Nutrients: Provide energy Form body structure Regulate physiological processes Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Copyright & Sons, Inc.

What Nutrients Do Lipid: Hormone Testosterone Made from cholesterol (Lipid) Regulate body process : Sperm production, secondary sex characteristics like facial hair, deep voice And increased muscle mass. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Copyright & Sons, Inc.

What Nutrients Do: Provide Energy • Working together, macronutrients and micronutrients help the body stay healthy. • Biochemical reactions in the body help to release the energy contained in carbohydrates, fats and proteins. • Energy is used to maintain body functions, fuel physical work and to repair the body. • If more energy is consumed than is needed, over time, body weight will increase. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What Nutrients Do: Form Structures • Most of the weight of the body is due to water, fat and protein. • Nutrients help to form and maintain the shape and structure of the body. • Proteins form ligaments and tendons that hold bones together and attach muscles to bones. • At the cellular level, lipids and proteins make up the membranes that surround cells. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What Nutrients Do: Regulate Body Processes • All the reactions that occur in the body are called metabolism. • The proper regulation of metabolism is called homeostasis. • Each nutrient plays a role in helping to maintain homeostasis. • Water helps to regulate temperature. • Protein, vitamins and minerals help to speed up or slow down metabolic reactions. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Diet and Health: Undernutrition Iron deficiency - Anemic Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Starvation

Diet and Health: Overnutrition Obesity Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Health: Genetics and Lifestyle Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Choosing a Healthy Diet: Calories In = Calories Out Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What Should I Eat? Eat a variety of foods • Snack on something other than chips. Try trail mix that contains fruit and nuts. • Add almonds and dried cranberries to your salad. • Try a new vegetable or fruit each week. Tired of carrots? Try jicama. • Vary your protein sources. Have fish one day and beef the next, or skip the meat and have beans. Balance your choices • Going out to dinner? Have a salad for lunch. • Add a vegetable instead of pepperoni to your pizza. • When you have cookies for a snack, have fruit for dessert. • Had soda with lunch? Have milk with dinner. Practice moderation • Push back from the table before you are stuffed and go for a walk. • Reduce your portions by using a smaller bowl. • Skip the seconds or split your restaurant meal with a friend. • If you eat some extra fries, take some extra steps. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Nutrition is a Science • Nutrition is a science. • Developing an understanding of the processes in nutritional science will help us to understand the relationship between nutrition and health. • Understanding nutritional processes will help us to make wise nutrition decisions. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Scientific Method • Advances in nutrition are made using the scientific method. • The scientific method uses an unbiased approach to examine the interaction of food, nutrients and health. • The steps in the scientific method are: – Observation – Hypothesis – Theory Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Scientific Method Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What makes a valid experiment? • A well-conducted experiment requires: Quantifiable Data - Can we measure the information in a scientific manner? Appropriate Experimental Population - Is the population large enough and pertinent to the study? Proper Controls - Can we ensure that the population ate or drank what we said they did? Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Types of Nutrition Studies Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Types of Nutrition Studies Epidemilogical Study Nutritional clinical Trials: Factors affecting the health and illness of populations Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Study on chemical reactions and synthesize molecules How nutrients genes Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Identifying Reliable Nutrition Information For example, can you really lose forty pounds in one week – Does the information make sense? – Where did the information come from? • Information from personal testimony or from one health care professional is probably not reliable. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Identifying Reliable Nutrition Information Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

How does this meal fit into a healthy diet? Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

End of Chapter 1 Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for. his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.