STATES OF MATTER The Four States of Matter

STATES OF MATTER • The Four States of Matter • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma • Four States

STATES OF MATTER Ø Based upon particle arrangement Ø Based upon energy of particles Ø Based upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

States of Matter A. The Kinetic Theory 1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms or molecules). 2. They are in constant, random motion. 3. They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.

STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS • Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. • Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER LIQUID § Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. § Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER GAS § Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely. § Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

B. Phase Properties Particle Properties Phase Proximity Energy Volume Shape Solid close little definite indefinite Liquid close moderate definite Gas far apart a lot indefinite

PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Solid to liquid Term for Phase Change Melting Liquid to Freezing solid Heat Movement During Phase Change Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Vaporization, which includes Heat goes into the Liquid to gas boiling and liquid as it vaporizes. evaporation Heat leaves the gas Gas to liquid Condensation as it condenses. Heat goes into the Solid to gas Sublimation solid as it sublimates.

We all know about: SOLIDS Lower Temperature LIQUIDS GASES Higher Temperature

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1, 000, 000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTER SOLID Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place LIQUID Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other GAS Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds PLASMA Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4 th state of matter: PLASMA

Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

5. Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

So now we know all about four states of matter: SOLIDS Lower Temperature LIQUIDS GASES PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) Higher Temperature

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very low temperatures. Einstein Bose +

Finally, in 1995, Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate

To really understand Bose -Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

The five states of matter: BOSEEINSTEIN CONDENSATE Lower Temperature PLASMAS SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES (only for low density ionized gases) Higher Temperature