RESEARCH ESSAY The steps to writing RESEARCH ESSAY

RESEARCH ESSAY: The steps to writing

RESEARCH ESSAY DIRECTIONS Take a stance on the content found in one of the prompts Research information to support your topic and claim Create an 8 paragraph essay that contains: � Introduction � Six body paragraphs that support the claim � Conclusion � Works Cited page This will be completed step by step � Each day will be used to discuss and work on a step of the writing process � Entire essay CAN be done in class if time is used wisely

BEWARE PLAGIARISM… IT CAN REALLY BITE YOU IN THE BUTT! Plagiarism is the evil villain of an English paper Automatic fail is given for plagiarism Plagiarism means- taking someone else’s words or ideas and using them as if they were your own. � Just because you don’t write it word for word doesn’t mean you aren’t stealing. � In fact even if you change the wording the idea still belongs to someone else so you must give them credit. � It’s easy to give credit. Always know the author’s name and the date written and you will be just FINE! Let’s brainstorm examples of plagiarism NOW… let’s talk about how to NOT plagiarize.

READING THE PROMPT Decide what the prompt is asking you to do. � What are the key nouns and verbs? � How does the prompt want you to complete your task Now take a moment to decide your personal feelings on the topic � Create a sentence that states the topic of the prompts, your feelings on the prompt, and why you feel that way. � Do NOT use first person pronouns when writing � EX: Uniforms should be mandatory for all students in public schools in order to increase achievement.

LET’S START THINKING…BY WRITING!!! Take a moment to think about your topic You are going to be timed During that time you need to complete an informal writing where you: � Make clear your position on the prompt � Explain your reasoning for your position � Clarify why your audience should also agree with you You need to write the entire time… if you finish “early” then read your writing and try to continue to add to it. Pencils do NOT go down until the time is finished. READY……SET……GO!!!!

NOW LIST THE REASON IN FAVOR AND AGAINST EX: In favor of uniforms Against uniforms Build unity and pride in school Prepare for future professional appearance expectation Decrease bullying Increase academic success Expensive Infringe on freedom of expression Unattractive Uncomfortable

NOW IT’S TIME FOR SOME RESEARCH Start with the databases that are offered � You will receive further information on this When you find information you want to use write it down � If on ipad you can bookmark the page or add it as a “pearl” on the “pearl tree” free application Important info to note about sources you use: � Title � Webpage (Site name– Ex: Discovery Channel) � URL (www. discovery. com) � Author (if there is one) � Copyright date (found at very bottom of page)

MAKING THE SEARCH…WORK. Keywords, keywords Start by identifying questions you have about your topic. � Come up with at least three Now list the main words that are going to help you find information � Look for ideas and words � Sentences and questions will NOT get the info you need. Now…Let’s talk credibility…

BODY PARAGRAPH CONSTRUCTION

BODY PARAGRAPH COMPONENTS Topic sentence that supports the overall claim statement Evidence from research to support topic sentence Personal explanation of how the evidence support the topic sentence and thus supports the overall claim statement.

RED= TOPIC SENTENCE BLACK= TRANSITION SENTENCE BLUE= EVIDENCE/LOGICAL GREEN= WARRANT/EXPLANATION Like any other facility, keeping a school open requires a great deal of money. When a school changes to a yearround schedule, the costs skyrocket. According to yearround. com keeping a school open in the middle of the summer requires air-conditioning which adds significantly to a school’s expenses. The cost of keeping schools open becomes immensely high. A high school in Arizona had a cost increase of $157, 000 when they switched to yearround. Some schools may not be able to handle such increases, and other schools that can handle these expenses could be doing better things with the money. The year-round schedule is not the best choice for financial savings.

Uniforms should be mandatory because they decrease bullying. According to Mark Anthony on CNN. com schools in South Carolina have seen a 54% decrease in bullying since they chose to implement uniforms. This is just one of the school systems that have witnessed the benefits of uniforms in relation to bullying. Bullying is a problem in today’s schools that needs to be remedied. All people who want to end bullying should be advocates of uniforms in schools.

1 st reason/argument = uniforms decrease bullying � Topic Sentence paragraph #1= Uniforms should be mandatory because they decrease bullying. Fact/Example/Reason (Evidence) = In South Carolina schools have seen a 54% decrease in bullying since they implemented uniforms. CNN. com (Mark Anthony) � According to Mark Anthony on CNN. com schools in South Carolina have seen a 54% decrease in bullying since they chose to implement uniforms. Warrant/Explanation– Personal explanation of how the Evidence proves the topic sentence correct � This is just one of the school systems that have witnessed the benefits of uniforms in relation to bullying. Bullying is a problem in today’s schools that needs to be remedied. All people who want to end bullying should be advocates of uniforms in schools. It’s in the warrant that you actually do the persuading. This is where you explain why someone should agree with you. � Never use first person pronouns in academic writing

HELPFUL WARRANT WRITING QUESTIONS: When writing your warrant it will help to ask (and answer) the following questions: [NO 1 st person pronouns] �How does the research connect to AND prove my topic sentence? �How does my research prove my thesis? �Why is this research important? �How can I explain the relationship (connection) between my research, topic sentence, and overall thesis (claim) statement.

PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS Also called “In-text citations”

WHEN TO CITE AND DEFINITIONS When to cite � You MUST ALWAYS CITE text that is quoted, paraphrased or summarized- or any information taken from another source. Terminology definitions � Quote- an exact duplication (copy) of the author’s words as they appear in the original source. � Paraphrase- a restatement of the author’s words in your own words. � EX: “Words are, in my opinion, our most inexhaustible source of magic. Capable of both inflicting injury and remedying it” (Rowling 432). EX: Rowling suggest that even though words can hurt people they also have the power to fix and heal. Summary EX: In the final book of the Harry Potter series J. K. Rowling makes it clear that words are a powerful force of human nature. They have the ability to cause great pain but just as much power to mend the wounds and heal injuries.

CITATIONS NEEDS: Author’s last name Title of article (if not author’s name) Website title Page number (If available) �Ex: (Rowling 452). �According to Rowling… (452). �On Harry. Potter. com… �(Potterheads). Origin from “Potterheads Unite”

TO MAKE: Within According to author’s name …. “quoted”, summarized or paraphrased evidence (p. #). Without (End) “quoted” paraphrased, or summarized evidence (Author last name P. #). � � EX: Rowling suggests that even though words can hurt people they also have the power to fix and heal (452). No Author? � Use the website name/title. EX: In The Harry Potter final book, Dumbledore makes it clear that even though words can hurt people they can also heal and fix emotional wounds (Rowling 254). No Author? � Use the first word of article title.

TYPES OF PARENTHETICAL CITATION Beginning Located before data. � State the author’s name or source where info. was found Ex: According to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals… � Ex: J. K. Rowling states… If name stated in data only page # must go at end (if available. ) Located after data. � EX: In The Harry Potter final book, Dumbledore makes it clear that even though words can hurt people they can also heal and fix emotional wounds (Rowling 254). EX: Rowling suggests that even though words can hurt people they also have the power to fix and heal (452). � Ending State the data then place a parenthesis, last name of author (if no author then first word of article title) page number (if available), end parenthesis. EX: …. (Rowling 800). � EX: …. (Potterhead). �

PARENTHETICAL CITATION ESSAY RULE: Must contain an END CITATION for each piece of data/research used. � EX: (Shakespeare 47). � If no page number then it is just the author’s last name. � If (Shakespeare). no author then it is the first word of the TITLE (Twelfth). Every paragraph will have a citation � Comes after data but before warrant/explanation Parenthetical citations MUST be place on the essay planner.

CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH CONSTRUCTION

CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH Topic Sentence � Fresh rephrasing of thesis statement Supporting sentences � Summarize the main points from body paragraphs � Explain how ideas fit together � Explain why this information is important Closing sentence � Final words � Connect back to the introduction material (if possible) � Provide a sense of closure to the reading. Call to action Quote Question Solution

CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH Summarizes the main points of the essay. Restates thesis (using different words). Makes a final comment about the essay's main idea. May emphasize an action that you would like the reader to take.

CONCLUSION EXAMPLE Education has become a global commodity. This had a positive effect on literacy and school attendance rates world wide. As far as college education is concerned, globalization has made it possible for students to study overseas and by distance education programs. This has provided more access to college study than before. However, this access is sometimes provided by organizations that do not necessarily maintain the highest academic standards. Thus quality has been affected in the college domain. Future research in this area may need to examine the need for international regulatory bodies to maintain quality outcomes for students.

INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH Hook � Interesting information that will grab the reader’s attention and set the tone for the entire essay. � Connects to topic clearly and reinforces goal of paper Background � Information about the topic to help the reader better understand your position. Thesis/Claim Statement � The statement you created that contain your topic and what you are trying to prove in relation to the topic.

HOOK The opening line or lines of an essay, article, or story. Theses lines should hook the reader’s attention and make him or her want to continue reading.

HOOK TYPES ANECDOTE � An SURPRISING FACT �A surprising fact is an interesting piece of information that your readers aren’t likely to know. It’s a statement that will make your readers say, “Really? ” anecdote is a short story. It can be a story about your own experiences or someone else’s. Use this to RHETORICAL QUESTION make a point � A rhetorical question is a QUOTE statement in the form of a � A quote is a passage that question. You ask a rhetorical you use in your own writing question to make a point, not that was originally written or to get an answer. spoken by someone else. SCENE � Use sensory details to describe a scene, giving your reader an immediate sense of time and place.

HOOK EXAMPLES ANECDOTE � The other morning, my brother Danny—who just got his license– was driving me to school. Danny’s cell phone beeped and he checked the incoming text message, dropping the toast he was eating and nearly driving off the road in the process. QUOTE � SCENE � A video about defensive driving drones from the TV at the front of the darkened classroom. It’s warm, and several of the teen have drifted off to sleep. Others quietly text their friends, their cell phones glowing between their cupped hands. “We were always together, but not SURPRISING FACT much after she got her license, ” � The rate of crashes for 16 Gayle says. “If I could bring her year-old drivers is almost 10 back I’d lasso the moon. ” Gayle’s times the rate of older drivers. 16 year old daughter rolled her car RHETORICAL QUESTION into a ditch and died in 2003. � What’s more important: Driving as soon as possible or saving lives?

INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE Globalization has resulted in a perception that barriers between countries have almost disappeared. It is arguably easier to travel, communicate and trade with people around the world than ever before. Similarly, goods and services have become widely available around the world. Goods and services are no longer available only within a country or to meet the needs of a particular cultural group. Education is no exception. In the past, it was less likely that people would travel abroad to be educated; currently it is common for students to be educated away from their home countries. Education has become a global commodity and students are paying high prices for it. The quality and availability of school education has increase greatly over the past few years. Unfortunately, the quality of college education has seen a decrease. Making education a commodity will affect the quality of education.

FORMATTING THE PAPER

Typed on 1 st page only First &last name Teacher’s Name Class Title Date written Insert Header Insert Page # Type Last Name in front of Page #. Title Centered Double-Spaced Times New Roman 12 pt Font Will be found on every page of the essay

A FEW NOTES BEFORE WE START: You may submit your essay through � Edmodo � Google docs � Hard Copy You must have a copy of your essay on Friday either on your Ipad or hard copy. � This will be part of your grade. Resubmit essay planner with essay = extra credit points. Work Sessions held TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, & THURSDAY of this week after school.

WORKS CITED CONSTRUCTION AND INSTRUCTION

WORKS CITED RULES The words “Works Cited” should be centered at the top of the page. NO QUOTATION MARKS!!! The Works Cited page is the final page of the essay It does NOT share with any other part of the essay. It gets its own page! This is where the FULL citations go for ALL of the sources that you actually used in your paper � This is a place where a reader can find the information if they want to look at your full sources. This is a required element of the paper. Your PERSONAL Works Cited will be due at the end of the period tomorrow. � You will have 35 minutes of lab time to do this tomorrow. � Please be sure to have ALL of your source information by the time you come to class

CITATION EXAMPLE: Use the directions on the left to create the citation on the right. The directions are in order. Any lines of the SAME citation after the first should be indented over one time. (See Example)

WORKS CITED EXAMPLE Title is Centered, each word of it capitalized Citations are in alphabetical order. Following lines of each citation are indented one space

WORKS CITED EXAMPLE First word of Citation The first word of the citation will be the word that you use for your in-text citation. --Author Last Name OR --1 st word of article title Attached at end of essay as final page.

NOW…LET’S PRACTICE You will complete the practice sheet in class today. � Practice is located on one side and the directions on the other. � Your citations must be perfectly formatted � Your citations must be in alphabetical order based on the 1 st word of the citation. Anything not completed will become homework. TOMORROW 4/22 - You must show me a completed Works Cited page for your paper by the end of class. � You can do this in class � OR � You can do it at home and show it to me tomorrow.