Figure 4 1 2 The signal Figure 4

Figure 4. 1 -2 The signal

Figure 4. 2 -1 Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization of the signals and the corresponding orthogonal signals.

Figure 4. 2 -2 The four signal vectors represented as points in three-dimensional function space.

Figure 4. 2 -3 An alternative set of orthonormal functions for the four signals in Figure 4. 2 -1 a and the corresponding signal points.

Figure 4. 3 -1 Signal space diagram for digital PAM signals.

Figure 4. 3 -2 Baseband-pass PAM signals.

Figure 4. 3 -3 Signal space diagrams for PSK signals.

Figure 4. 3 -4 Examples of combined PAMPSK signal space diagrams.

Figure 4. 3 -5 Several signal space diagrams for rectangular QAM.

Figure 4. 3 -6 Subdivision of time and frequency axes into distinct slots.

Figure 4. 3 -7 Cross-correlation coefficient as a function of frequency separation for FSK signals.

Figure 4. 3 -8 Orthogonal signals for M = N = 3 and M = N = 2.

Figure 4. 3 -9 Signal space diagrams for M = 4 and M = 6 biorthogonal signals.

Figure 4. 3 -10 Signal space diagrams for M-ary simplex signals.

Figure 4. 3 -11 Signal space diagrams for signals generated from binary codes.

Figure 4. 3 -12 Baseband signals.

Figure 4. 3 -13 State diagram for the NRZI signal.

Figure 4. 3 -14 The trellis diagram for the NRZI signal.

Figure 4. 3 -15 State diagram (a) and basic waveforms (b) for delay modulated (Miller-encoded) signal.

Figures 4. 3 -16 a , b Pulse shapes for full response CPM

Figure 4. 3 -16 c , d Pulse shapes for partial response CPM.

Figure 4. 3 -16 e Pulse shapes for partial response CPM.

Figure 4. 3 -17 Phase trajectory for binary CPFSK.

Figure 4. 3 -18 Phase trajectory for quaternary CPFSK.

Figure 4. 3 -19 Phase trajectories for binary CPFSK (dashed) and binary, partial response CPM based on raised cosine pulse of length 3 T (solid). [From Sundberg (1986), © 1986 IEEE. ]

Figure 4. 3 -20 Phase cylinder for binary CPM with h = ½ and a raised cosine pulse of length 3 T. [From Sundberg (1986), © 1986 IEEE.

Figure 4. 3 -21 State trellis for binary CPFSK with h = ½

Figure 4. 3 -22 State diagram for binary CPFSK with h = ½.

Figure 4. 3 -23 Representation of an MSK signal as a form of two staggered binary PSK signals, each with a sinusoidal envelope.

Figure 4. 4 -1 Rectangular pulse and its energy density spectrum

Figure 4. 4 -2 Raised cosine pulse and its energy density spectrum

Figure 4. 4 -6 Power density spectra of MSK and offset QPSK. [From Gronemeyer and Mc. Bride (1976); © IEEE. ]

Figure 4. 4 -7 Fractional out-of-band power (normalized two-sided bandwidth = 2 WT). [From Gronemeyer and Mc. Bride (1976); © 1976 IEEE. ]

Figure 4. 4 -11 Power spectral density (onesided) of Miller code (delay modulation) and NRZ/NRZI baseband signals. [From Hecht and Guida (1969); © 1969 IEEE. ]