Figure 14 15 Figure CO 14 Figure 14

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Figure 14. 15

Figure 14. 15

Figure CO 14

Figure CO 14

Figure 14. 1

Figure 14. 1

Figure 14. 1

Figure 14. 1

Gonyaulax (not in corals, red tide algae) Dinoflagellates (single-celled algae): • symbionts in corals

Gonyaulax (not in corals, red tide algae) Dinoflagellates (single-celled algae): • symbionts in corals (zooxanthellae) live inside the cells of corals • toxic algae blooms (red tides) • bioluminescence

Figure 14. 24

Figure 14. 24

Gonyaulax (not in corals, red tide algae) Dinoflagellates in coral = “zooxanthellae”: • Theca

Gonyaulax (not in corals, red tide algae) Dinoflagellates in coral = “zooxanthellae”: • Theca (shell) not present in symbionts in coral • Transmitted in eggs of coral to offspring • Expelled during coral “bleaching” • Required by coral for food and growth of skeleton

Single polyp (solitary coral) mushroom coral Multiple polyps (colonial coral) Eg, boulder coral One

Single polyp (solitary coral) mushroom coral Multiple polyps (colonial coral) Eg, boulder coral One corallite/polyp

Figure 14. 6 Brain coral (colonial coral) Many polyps in a single, interconnected large

Figure 14. 6 Brain coral (colonial coral) Many polyps in a single, interconnected large corallite (skeleton “cup”) Coral skeletons are made of calcium carbonate (Ca. CO 3) “limestone”

Single or colonial coral?

Single or colonial coral?

Lobophyllia hemprichii (each ring= one polyp)

Lobophyllia hemprichii (each ring= one polyp)

Figure 14. 3 Polyps in a colony are interconnected (wave of contraction)

Figure 14. 3 Polyps in a colony are interconnected (wave of contraction)

Figure 14. 6 Free-living = solitary

Figure 14. 6 Free-living = solitary

Figure 14. 18

Figure 14. 18

Growth of a coral reef Planula larvae settles. Growth to adult form. Coral rubble

Growth of a coral reef Planula larvae settles. Growth to adult form. Coral rubble accumulates Rubble cemented by red algae (coralline algae)

One of main sediment-forming organisms is a green algae Halimeda.

One of main sediment-forming organisms is a green algae Halimeda.

Coral reefs require a community of • Corals • Red Algae • Calcareous green

Coral reefs require a community of • Corals • Red Algae • Calcareous green algae Other animals that provide limestone or help bind sediments • = Key components of reef

Coral reefs require a community of • Corals • Red Algae • Calcareous green

Coral reefs require a community of • Corals • Red Algae • Calcareous green algae Other animals that provide limestone or help bind sediments Shells: foraminifera, snails, tubeworms, clams, sea urchins Binding or more shells: bryozoans, sponges, bacteria • = Key components of reef

Coccoliphorids: Single celled algae in open ocean Important primary producers Calcium carbonate skeletons

Coccoliphorids: Single celled algae in open ocean Important primary producers Calcium carbonate skeletons

What do coral reefs need in order to grow?

What do coral reefs need in order to grow?

Light (no deeper than 50 m) Warm but not too warm (> 20 o.

Light (no deeper than 50 m) Warm but not too warm (> 20 o. C (68 F), < 30 o to 35 o. C (86 -95 F)

Figure 14. 11

Figure 14. 11

Why is highest temperature that corals can tolerate higher than the average high where

Why is highest temperature that corals can tolerate higher than the average high where they live?

Threats to corals High temperatures (global warming) Nutrient runoff (sewage, fertilizer) Sedimentation Collection (aquaria,

Threats to corals High temperatures (global warming) Nutrient runoff (sewage, fertilizer) Sedimentation Collection (aquaria, jewelry)

Red algae smothering coral in Hawaii (nutrients from sewage)

Red algae smothering coral in Hawaii (nutrients from sewage)

Dredging releases sediment

Dredging releases sediment

Coral and coral animals sold to collectors

Coral and coral animals sold to collectors

How are coral reefs formed? 1) Fringing reefs 2) Barrier reefs 3) Atolls

How are coral reefs formed? 1) Fringing reefs 2) Barrier reefs 3) Atolls

Fringing reef

Fringing reef

Fringing reef (Bismarck Archipelago, southwest Pacific)

Fringing reef (Bismarck Archipelago, southwest Pacific)

Figure 14. 17 Barrier Reef (lagoon between reef and shore) ( Great Barrier Reef,

Figure 14. 17 Barrier Reef (lagoon between reef and shore) ( Great Barrier Reef, Belize reef )

Figure 14. 22 a Atoll (Darwin)

Figure 14. 22 a Atoll (Darwin)

Lagoon Back reef Fore reef

Lagoon Back reef Fore reef

Figure 14. 23

Figure 14. 23

Figure 14. 25 PP of coral zooxanthellae - coral/mucus feeders - predators

Figure 14. 25 PP of coral zooxanthellae - coral/mucus feeders - predators

Figure 14. 26

Figure 14. 26

Figure 14. 27 Warfare for space Chemical Stinging (sweeper tentacles) Digestive (mesenterial filaments)

Figure 14. 27 Warfare for space Chemical Stinging (sweeper tentacles) Digestive (mesenterial filaments)

Figure 14. 28

Figure 14. 28

Figure 14. 30

Figure 14. 30