Unit 8 Encounter Africa page 5 Land Africa

Unit 8 (Encounter)

Africa (page 5)

Land • Africa is a diverse continent! • Most of Africa is plains or grassland. (Population levels are high in this area of Africa).

Africa • A lot of Africa is a desert. (Population levels are low in this area of Africa)

Rainforests • Africa has rainforests along the equator. Here, there is a tropical climate.

Water • Africa has a few good harbors. • But, rivers have many rapids. • Bottom line…. Africa’s geography is very diverse!!!!

Cataracts

Harbor in Alexandria

What can you do with Salt? • List 2 -4 uses of salt today.

What can you do with Gold? • List 2 examples of what you would buy?

Preview • Would you trade gold for salt? Y/N & why?

Salt Video • http: //www. history. com/shows/mankind-thestory-of-all-of-us/videos/salt

Gold for Salt • Who will make the trade now? ?

West African Trade Kingdoms (7001500)

Main mode of transportation was the Camel

Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa

West African Trade Kingdoms (7001500) (page 10)

Mali • Ruler? (Mansa Musa) • How did the ruler enforce control? (Strong military. Controlled & regulated the gold for salt trade. ) • Religion? (Islam) • How did the religion influence this kingdom? (Government laws based on Islamic Religion)

Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa

Mansa Musa Video • http: //www. nationalgeographic. com. au/video s/quest-for-gold/mansa-musas-golden-empire -3540. aspx

Mali • How is Cultural Diffusion evident in this kingdom? (Building of Mosques in Timbuktu) • What was the status of women in these kingdoms? (high status/hold government positions)

Palace built by Mansa Musa

Mosque built by Mansa Musa

Africa’s History • Complete pages 6 -9 in packet.

Africa’s History (page 6) Why did some historians believe that Africa had no history? • No written records. According to this excerpt, what is a griot? • Professional storyteller, musician, historian. • Kept history alive.

West African Kingdoms (page 7) Under which empire did Islam spread through West Africa? • Mali Empire. Explain how the Songhai empire became the strongest empire in African history? • Strong military to control all the rival tribes.

West African Kingdoms (page 7) What policy did the Songhai empire adopt to govern their diverse empire of mostly non. Muslims? How did this policy allow the Songhai empire to maintain and consolidate power? • Religious freedom. • People cooperated with the empire because they were respected.

West African Kingdoms (page 8) Based on this excerpt, in addition to objects like food, oils, clothing, metals or animals, what else was traded in West Africa during the reign of the Songhai Empire? • Gold for salt. • Slave trade.

The Songhai Empire • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=11 XUw. C c. C 9 tw

Pure Nature Specials - Camel’s Empire (page 8) • https: //vimeo. com/241385288 • Complete the questions on page 8 as we watch the video.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes (page 9)

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Commodity? • Raw material or product that can be bought or sold. According to the map what were the 2 commodities traded? • Gold for salt.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Based on this image, identify 3 achievements of the Songhai empire. • Largest empire in West Africa. • Expanded trade. • Different levels of government created.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Based on this image, what caused the decline of the Songhai Empire? • Power struggles in the empire. • Invaded.

Early Civilizations in Latin America

Aztec (CE 1428 -1521)

Human Sacrifice

Hernan Cortes • Landed in Mexico 1519. • 1521 conquered all of Aztec empire.

What happened to the Aztecs? • Video fun time!! • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Bd. T-2 G 9 G 4 o

Aztec (page 15)

How would building out in a lake benefit the Aztec? ? • Space to build. • Ability to bring building materials by raft. • Fresh water available.

Adapting to the Environment (page 16) • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Zy. B 47 q. GXo. I

Aztec Empire • Complete pages 16 -17 in packet.

What challenges did the Aztec face building their city Tenochtitlan on the islands in Lake Texcoco? • Lake is where they had to build.

How adapt to the difficulties of building a city in the lake? What? How? • Built a foundation (Chinampas). • Consisted of wood posts, rock, and dirt materials. • Built causeways (bridges) to transport supplies & food to the city.

Causeway connects the island to the mainland.

How did the Aztec move building materials? • Human labor. • Rafts.

Chinampas

Chinampas 1) What challenges did the Aztecs’ environment pose for farmers? • Flooding. 2) What were the chinampas? • Islands built in the lake. • Sometimes called floating gardens.

Chinampas 3) How did the Aztecs build them? • Wood frame with mud layers. 4) How did the Aztec benefit from the chinampas? • Land to build on. • Fertile farm land created in a lake.

Chinampas

Aztec (page 17) (Complete page 17)

Aztec How did creating allies with neighbors help the Aztec gain power? • Had control of what is Mexico today. How did marrying pure Toltec brides help the Aztec gain power? • Inherit divine right to rule.

Aztec How did conquering land help the Aztec gain power? • 1 st to reach Gulf of Mexico. How did rebuilding the temple & sacrificing captives help the Aztec maintain power? • Demonstrated to the people & the gods the power of the ruler.

How did the Aztecs gain, consolidate, and maintain power in the empire? • Farmers paid a food tax to support state. • Labor tax (helped build city). • Mandatory military service. • Taxes gathered at market. • Formed alliances with neighboring nations.

Architecture & Engineering • Built capital city Tenochtitlan. • Pyramid Temples

The Inca (CE 1438 -1533)

Fun Facts!! • Llama was a sacred animal. • No written language. • Incan leaders wore large ear plugs in their ears to show they were elite. • Empire founded & unified by Pachacuti (compared to Alex the Great). • Runner-messengers kept the empire in communication with each other (16, 000 miles of roads to run).

Religion • Polytheistic (Sun god important) • Priests led rituals to appease the gods.

Sacrificed Llamas

Sacrificed Llamas

Ear Plugs

Pachacuti

Runner-messengers (Notice no shoes!!)

Sandals were for the nobility.

Road System • 16, 000 miles across mountains. • Bridges & tunnels. • Linked together the entire empire. • Runners carried messages throughout the empire.

Quipus

Inca Roads

Inca Bridges

Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu

The Inca (page 12)

The Inca 1) Which ocean separated the Inca Empire from Europe & Africa? • Atlantic Ocean. 2) Where was the Incan Empire in relation to the Aztec Empire? Did they rule during the same time period? • South. • Yes!!

The Inca 3) Based on the map, what geographical features were a part of the Inca’s natural environment? • Andes Mountains.

Quick Facts Location: South America Area Covered: 3400 miles Population: 10 -12 million Diversity: Rules people from at least 86 ethnic groups with their own languages, traditions, & religions.

Adapting to the Environment (page 13)

Terrace Farming

Inca Roads (page 14)

1. What techniques did the Inca use to build the Inca roads? • Bridges were built. • Stone steps built.

2. What were the Inca roads used for? • Trade. • Communication. • Transport army.

3. How did the Inca roads help the government consolidate and maintain power? • Connected & unified the empire.

Francisco Pizarro

Atahualpa

Conquest of the Inca • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. R 8 Oa. VD B 3_E • 33 minutes in.

Mayans (250 CE-900 CE)

Game • Get the ball in the hoop!! • Can’t use feet or hands!! • You have 3 minutes.

Mayan Game played to appease their gods.

How played? ? • Rubber ball must be knocked through the hoop. • Can’t use hands or feet. • Losers are sacrificed to the gods.

Mayan Game played to appease their gods. • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Zul 8 w 1 R Yypk

Top 10 Fun Facts • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Dw. Zb. GL Ct. Z 6 A

Mayan Civilization (page 18)

Mayan Civilization • 250 -900. • Independent city states. • Each ruled by a god king. • Cities served as center for trade & religious ceremonies.

Mayan Civilization (record in boxes below) • Architecture (giant pyramids, temples, and palaces built).

Mayan Civilization (record in boxes below) • Thousands lived in cities.

Mayan Civilization (record in boxes below) • Ball court (game played to appease the gods).

Ball court at Chichen Itza

Mayan Civilization (record in boxes below) • Agriculture (raised fields).

Pyramid of Kukulcan (called El Castillo by the Spanish)

Pyramid of Kukulcan • El Castillo “The Castle”. • Dedicated to Kukulcan (the feather serpent god). • Aligns with Mayan calendar to mark the start of planting & harvest season.

Pyramid of Kukulcan • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=kyvw 6 G 9 Max 0

Age of Exploration (page 19 -20 in packet) • 1400’s-1600’s

Reasons for Exploration/Trade • Europeans looking for quicker trade routes to the Asia. • Wanted to avoid the land journey.

Technology/Printing Press • Spread ideas regarding travel and geography faster.

Gun Powder • Ships equipped with cannons. • Soldiers more destructive weapons (Muskets).

Naval Technology • Cartographers made better maps and charts of the sea. • Bigger and better ships were developed (could sail against the wind).

Early Exploration • Henry the Navigator • Son of the Portuguese king • Established experts to explore the west coast of Africa 1415.

Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal) • 1488 rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa.

Vasco da Gama (Portugal) 1498 rounded Africa and landed in Indian ports. Lost half his ships but returned home with Spices to sell for large profit.

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (Spain) • Sailing for Spain reached “New World” looking for shorter trade route to India. • 1492 reached the “New World” by accident three ships the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.

Results of Early Exploration • Treaty of Tordesillas. • Pope Alexander VI divided non-European world into two sections Spain can control the west and Portugal can control East.

Treaty of Tordesillas.

Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) • First person to circumnavigate the globe.

European Colonization of Americas

Conquistadors • Spanish conquerors motivated by the three G’s God, Gold, and Glory. • Supported by Catholic church to spread Christianity through “New World”.

Hernan Cortes • Landed in Mexico 1519. • 1521 conquered all of Aztec empire.

Francisco Pizarro • Destroyed the entire Inca empire by 1532.

Reasons for Spanish Success • Spanish used armor, horses and weapons never seen before i. e. “fire sticks”. • Spanish used allies among native tribes who hated the Aztec and Incas. • Disease (small pox) brought by Europeans killed millions of native peoples.

Spanish Amour & Muskets

Battle for North America

French • 1600’s Colonize modern day Canada in Quebec.

English 1600’s colonize Jamestown in Virginia (economic). Puritans in New England (religious). Will fight over North America until the 1700’s.

Imperialism in the Americas (page 21)

IMPERIALISM: The control of one nation over a weaker area or nation. Why do countries imperialize? ? ? • Natural Resources, sell their manufactured goods/make money. Why were European countries able to imperialize? ? ? • Technology/Disease.

Latin American Social Structure (page 22 in packet)

Latin American Social Structure (write bottom bullets in the margin) • Power exists at the top. • Majority of the population exists at the bottom. • Rigid social structure (can’t rise up).

Latin American Social Structure • Conquistadors (Spanish Conquerors)

Latin American Social Structure • Peninsulares (Born in Spain/held the most power)

Latin American Social Structure • Creoles (Spanish descent but born in the New World/some power)

Latin American Social Structure • Mestizos (mixed Spanish and Native American descent/no power)

Latin American Social Structure • Mulattoes (mixed Spanish and African descent/no power)

Latin American Social Structure • African and Native Americans (largest portion of population/no power).

Encomienda System • Political, social, & economic system set up by Spain in the Americas. It gave conquistadors land permission to demand labor from Native Americans in exchange for Christianity. Exploited the Natives!!!

Natural Rights • What are natural rights?

Natural Rights • Natural rights include life/liberty/property. • Entitled to everyone who is born. • This idea was invented during the Enlightenment by John Locke.

John Locke

Natural Rights • List some examples in history of a person’s natural rights being violated (ex. deprived of life, liberty, or property). • Provide examples from GL 9, 8 th Grade Social, or what you know about the topic.

Natural Rights Violations (GL 9 material) • Jews enslaved in Egypt resulting in Moses led Exodus. • Gladiators & slaves in Roman Empire resulting in Spartacus led revolt. • Genghis Khan killed millions who resisted his armies attacks (1 million in former Persian Empire).

Holocaust (Human Rights violation discussed last year) • Murder, persecution, & exploitation, of the Jews & other minority groups in Europe during WW 2.

Final Solution • The Nazis decide that they want to murder the Jews in secret. • Large death camps are constructed in Poland. • Gas chambers disguised as showers will be the method of murder.

Auschwitz • Largest Nazis death camp. 2 million Jews murdered.

Treblinka • 780, 000 Jews murdered.

Sobibor • 250, 000 Jews murdered.

Deported/shipped the Jews in trains.

Families separated during selection process.

Nazis Doctors (determined who lived and who was murdered).

Those selected to live worked as slave laborers.

Gas Chambers (method of murder).

Zyklon B

Crematorium Ovens

Liberation • The Holocaust ends with the defeat of Nazis Germany in 1945.

The Atlantic Slave Trade • Middle Passage (the voyage from Africa to America on slave ships).

Slave Ships

The Atlantic Slave Trade • Why? ? (Profit!!! Europeans needed workers for their plantations. Cash crops such as tobacco and sugar cane earned large profits).

The Atlantic Slave Trade (Packet page 23) • Middle Passage (the voyage from Africa to America on slave ships).

The Atlantic Slave Trade • Who? ? (Africans brought to the west coast) • What? ? (Shipped via boats & sold into slavery) • Where? ? (West coast of Africa to the Americas) • When? ? (1500 s)

The Atlantic Slave Trade • Why? ? (Profit!!! Europeans needed workers for their plantations. Cash crops such as tobacco and sugar cane earned large profits).

What is Triangular Trade (page 24) • Trade that involved Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

COLONIALISM: (page 25) • The policy in which one nation or group has control over and is dependent upon by another area or people. • COLONY: a territory that an outside (stronger) power controls directly.

MERCANTILISM!!! • Mercantilism—An Economic System practiced between 1600 and 1800 (colonies) characterized by the following ideas: • A nation’s power depends primarily on it’s Wealth. • Obtain as much Money and Resources as possible. • A favorable Balance of Trade should be established. • A nation should be economically Independent. • MERCHANTILISM is the Economic policy of IMPERIALISM (taking COLONIES).

The Columbian Exchange (page 26)

Columbian Exchange. • Global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas, & technology between Africa, Asia, Europe, & America.

1) What were the most beneficial aspects of the Columbian Exchange? Why? • New foods such as corn & potatoes result in an improved diet.

The Columbian Exchange 2) What were the least beneficial aspects of the Columbian Exchange? Why? • Disease & Slave Trade. 3) What were the results of the Columbian Exchange? • Improved diets which resulted in an increase in the worlds population.

Debate!! • Was the Encounter a good or bad event in history? Why?

Should we get rid of Columbus day? Y/N & why?