Chapter 2 Getting Started with PHP Programming with

Chapter 2 Getting Started with PHP Programming with My. SQL

Objectives • • Install and configure a Web server Install and configure PHP Install and configure My. SQL Create basic PHP scripts PHP Programming with My. SQL 2

Understanding Binary and Source Code Installations • Binary format (or binaries) refer to compiled files, such as executable installation programs • Source code is the original programming code in which an application was written • Source code must be compiled, or processed, and assembled into an executable format before it is used • Compiled programs only need to be recompiled when their code changes PHP Programming with My. SQL 3

Installing and Configuring a Web Server • Apache is the most popular Web server software used on the Internet • Microsoft IIS for Windows is the second most popular server software • In Windows, a service refers to a program that performs a specific function to support other programs PHP Programming with My. SQL 4

Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux 1. Go to http: /httpd. apache. org/download. cgi 2. Run the gunzip command: gunzip httpd-2. 0. 52. tar. gz 3. Run the tar command: tar xvf httpd-2. 0. 52. tar 4. Change to the http-2. 0. 52 directory: cd httpd-2. 0. 52 5. Run the configure command: . /configure PHP Programming with My. SQL 5

Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux (continued) 6. Compile the Apache source code with the make command 7. Run the make install command in the httpd-2. 0. 52 directory 8. Start, stop, and restart Apache using the apachectl control script PHP Programming with My. SQL 6

Installing and Running Apache on Windows 1. Go to http: /httpd. apache. org/download. cgi 2. Download the apache_2. 0. 52 -win 32 -x 86 no_ssl. msi installation file 3. Navigate to the installation file and from the Welcome screen, click Next 4. Accept the terms of the License Agreement, click Next 5. Read the contents of the Read This First screen, click Next PHP Programming with My. SQL 7

Installing and Running Apache on Windows (continued) 6. Accept the default values, click Next 7. Select a Typical installation, click Next 8. Accept the default Destination Folder directory, click Next 9. Click Back to make changes or click Install to finish 10. Click Finish PHP Programming with My. SQL 8

Installing and Running Internet Information Services on Windows 1. Open the Control Panel from the Start menu 2. If using Windows XP, select Switch to Classic View 3. Select the Add or Remove Programs icon 4. Click Add/Remove Windows Components 5. Click the check box next to Internet Information Services (IIS), click Next PHP Programming with My. SQL 9

Installing and Running IIS on Windows (continued) 6. After the installation is complete, click Finish 7. If prompted, restart Windows otherwise close the Control Panel PHP Programming with My. SQL 10

Testing Your Web Server 1. Open your Web browser 2. Type http: //localhost/ in the Address box, click Enter Figure 2 -2 Apache’s default Web page PHP Programming with My. SQL 11

Testing Your Web Server (continued) 3. Type http: //127. 0. 0. 1/ in the Address box, click Enter Figure 2 -3 Web page informing you that IIS is running PHP Programming with My. SQL 12

Configuring Apache • To configure ports and other settings you must edit the httpd. conf file • For UNIX/Linux – /usr/local/apache 2/conf • For Windows – C: Program FilesApache GroupApache 2conf • Lines that begin with the pound sign (#) are informational comments • Lines without pound signs contain directives PHP Programming with My. SQL 13

Configuring Apache (continued) Figure 2 -4 httpd. conf PHP Programming with My. SQL 14

Configuring Apache (continued) • Directives define information about how a program should be configured • The Document. Root directive identifies the default directory from where Apache serves Web pages • The Alias directive identifies other directories that Apache can use to serve Web pages PHP Programming with My. SQL 15

Configuring Internet Information Services Figure 2 -5 Default Web Site Properties dialog box PHP Programming with My. SQL 16

Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running Apache 1. Go to http: //www. php. net/downloads. php 2. Run the gunzip command: gunzip php-5. 0. 3. tar. gz 3. Run the tar command: tar xvf php-5. 0. 3. tar 4. Change to the php-5. 0. 3 directory: cd php-5. 0. 3 5. Run the configure command: . /configure PHP Programming with My. SQL 17

Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running Apache (continued) 6. Compile the PHP source code with the make command 7. Run the make install command in the php-5. 0. 3 directory 8. Specify which configuration file you want to use with PHP: cp php. ini-dist /usr/local/lib/php. ini PHP Programming with My. SQL 18

Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS 1. Go to http: //www. php. net/downloads. php and download the latest Windows binary installer 2. Navigate to the installation file and from the Welcome screen, click Next 3. In the License Agreement screen, click I Agree 4. In the Installation Type screen, select Standard, then click Next 5. Accept the default destination location, click Next PHP Programming with My. SQL 19

Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS (continued) 6. In the Mail Configuration screen, accept the default values of localhost, click Next 7. In the Server Type screen, select the type of Web server that you want to use with PHP, click Next 8. In the Start Installation screen, click Next to begin installation 9. Click OK to close the dialog box of the Web server you selected PHP Programming with My. SQL 20

Configuring Apache for PHP on UNIX/Linux Platforms 1. Open the httpd. conf file from the /usr/local/apache 2/conf directory 2. Search for the Load. Module directive: Load. Module php 5_module libexec/libphp 5. so 3. Add the Add. Type directive to the end of the file: Add. Type application/x-httpd-php. php 4. Save and close the httpd. conf file 5. Restart Apache with the command: /usr/local/apache 2/bin/apachectl restart PHP Programming with My. SQL 21

Configuring Apache for PHP on Windows 1. Click the Start menu and point to All Programs 2. Select the Edit the Apache httpd. config Configuration File command 3. Add the following to the end of the file: Script. Alias /PHP/ “C: /PHP/” Add. Type application/x-httpd-php. php Action application/x-httpd-php “/PHP/php-cgi. exe” 4. Save and close the httpd. conf file 5. Restart Apache and select the Restart command PHP Programming with My. SQL 22

Configuring PHP Figure 2 -6 The php. ini configuration file PHP Programming with My. SQL 23

Installing and Configuring My. SQL on UNIX and Linux 1. Go to http: //dev. mysql. com/downloads/ and download the latest version of My. SQL 2. Create a separate group and user named for running My. SQL: groupadd mysql useradd -g mysql 3. Run the gunzip mysql-4. 1. 9. tar. gz command 4. Run the tar xvf mysql-4. 1. 9. tar command 5. Change to the mysql-4. 1. 9 directory PHP Programming with My. SQL 24

Installing and Configuring My. SQL on UNIX and Linux (continued) 6. Run the. /configure command 7. Compile the My. SQL code with the make command 8. Run the make install command 9. Change to the scripts directory 10. Run the mysql_install_db --user=mysql script 11. Run the ownership commands: chown -R root /usr/local/mysql chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql PHP Programming with My. SQL 25

Installing and Configuring My. SQL on Windows 1. Go to http: //dev. mysql. com/downloads/ 2. Open Windows Explorer or My Computer and start the My. SQL installation 3. In the Welcome screen, click Next to start the installation 4. Accept the default setup type Typical, click Next 5. Click Back to make changes or click Install to continue PHP Programming with My. SQL 26

Installing and Configuring My. SQL on Windows (continued) 6. Create a new account or skip sign-in, click Next 7. In the Wizard Completed screen, click Finish 8. In the first screen of the My. SQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard, click Next 9. In the Configuration Type screen, select Standard Configuration, click Next PHP Programming with My. SQL 27

Installing and Configuring My. SQL on Windows (continued) 10. In the Windows Options screen, accept the default values (do not select the Include Bin Directory in Windows PATH check box), click Next 11. In the Security Options screen, deselect the Modify Security Settings check box, click Next 12. Click Back to change any of the configuration operations or Execute to finish PHP Programming with My. SQL 28

Testing the My. SQL Server 1. Check to see if My. SQL is running • For UNIX/Linux systems: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql & • For Windows, use the Services window 2. Run the mysqladmin version command • For UNIX/Linux systems: /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin version • For Windows, change to the C: Program FilesMy. SQL Server 4. 1bin directory and run: mysqladmin version PHP Programming with My. SQL 29

Creating Basic PHP Scripts • Embedded scripting languages (Java. Script or PHP) refer to code that is embedded within a Web page (either an HTML or XHTML document) • This code is typed directly into a Web page as a separate section • A Web page document containing PHP code must have an extension of. php • PHP code is never sent to a client’s Web browser PHP Programming with My. SQL 30

Creating Basic PHP Scripts (continued) • The Web page generated from the PHP code, and HTML or XHTML elements found within the PHP file, is returned to the client • A PHP file that does not contain any PHP code should have an. html extension • . php is the default extension that most Web servers use to process PHP scripts PHP Programming with My. SQL 31

Creating PHP Code Blocks • Code declaration blocks are separate sections within a Web page that are interpreted by the scripting engine • There are four types of code declaration blocks: – Standard PHP script delimiters – The <script> element – Short PHP script delimiters – ASP-style script delimiters PHP Programming with My. SQL 32

Standard PHP Script Delimiters • A delimiter is a character or sequence of characters used to mark the beginning and end of a code segment • The standard method of writing PHP code declaration blocks is to use the <? php and ? > script delimiters • The individual lines of code that make up a PHP script are called statements PHP Programming with My. SQL 33

The <script> Element • The <script> element identifies a script section in a Web page document • For client-side scripting, the type attribute of the <script> element indicates which scripting language and version is being used • When the <script> element is used with PHP, you do not include the type attribute PHP Programming with My. SQL 34

Short PHP Script Delimiters • The syntax for the short PHP script delimiters is <? statements; ? > • Short delimiters can be disabled in a Web server’s php. ini configuration file • PHP scripts will not work if your Web site ISP does not support short PHP script delimiters • Short delimiters can be used in XHTML documents, but not in XML documents PHP Programming with My. SQL 35

ASP-Style Script Delimiters • The syntax for the ASP-style script delimiters is <% statements; %> • ASP-style script delimiters can be used in XHTML documents, but not in XML documents • ASP-style script delimiters can be enabled or disabled in the php. ini configuration file • To enable or disable ASP-style script delimiters, assign a value of “On” or “Off ” to the asp_tags directive in the php. ini configuration file PHP Programming with My. SQL 36

Understanding Functions • A function refers to a procedure that performs a specific task • To execute a function, you must invoke, or call, it from somewhere in the script • A function call is the function name followed by any data that the function needs • The data (in parentheses following the function name) are called arguments or actual parameters • Sending data to a called function is called passing arguments PHP Programming with My. SQL 37

Displaying Script Results • To return to the client the results of any processing that occurs within a PHP code block, you must use an echo() statement or the print() statement • The echo() and print() statements create new text on a Web page that is returned as a response to a client PHP Programming with My. SQL 38

Displaying Script Results (continued) Figure 2 -13 PHP Diagnostic Information Web page PHP Programming with My. SQL 39

Displaying Script Results (continued) • The echo() and print() statements are language constructs of the PHP programming language • A programming language construct refers to a built-in feature of a programming language • The echo() and print() statements are virtually identical except: – The print() statement returns a value of 1 if it is successful – It returns a value of 0 if it is not successful PHP Programming with My. SQL 40

Displaying Script Results (continued) • Use the echo() and print() statements to return the results of a PHP script within a Web page that is returned to a client • A text string, or literal string, is text that is contained within double or single quotation marks • To pass multiple arguments to the echo() and print() statements, separate them with commas like arguments passed to a function PHP Programming with My. SQL 41

Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks • For multiple script sections in a document, include a separate code declaration block for each section. . . </head> <body> <h 1>Multiple Script Sections</h 1> <h 2>First Script Section</h 2> <? php echo “<p>Output from the first script section. </p>”; ? > <h 2>Second Script Section</h 2> <? php echo “<p>Output from the second script section. </p>” ; ? > </body> </html> PHP Programming with My. SQL 42

Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks (continued) • PHP code declaration blocks execute on a Web server before a Web page is sent to a client. . . </head> <body> <h 1>Multiple Script Sections</h 1> <h 2>First Script Section</h 2> <p>Output from the first script section. </p> <h 2>Second Script Section</h 2> <p>Output from the second script section. </p> </body> </html> PHP Programming with My. SQL 43

Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks (continued) Figure 2 -17 Output of a document with two PHP script sections PHP Programming with My. SQL 44

Case Sensitivity in PHP • Programming language constructs in PHP are mostly case insensitive <? php echo “<p>Explore <strong>Africa</strong>, ”; Echo “<strong>South America</strong>, ”; ECHO “ and <strong>Australia</strong>!</p>”; ? > PHP Programming with My. SQL 45

Adding Comments to a PHP Script • Comments are nonprinting lines placed in code such as: – The name of the script – Your name and the date you created the program – Notes to yourself – Instructions to future programmers who might need to modify your work PHP Programming with My. SQL 46

Adding Comments to a PHP Script (continued) • Line comments hide a single line of code – Add // or # before the text • Block comments hide multiple lines of code – Add /* to the first line of code – And */ after the last character in the code PHP Programming with My. SQL 47

Adding Comments to a PHP Script (continued) <? php /* This line is part of the block comment. This line is also part of the block comment. */ echo “<h 1>Comments Example</h 1>”; // Line comments can follow code statements // This line comment takes up an entire line. # This is another way of creating a line comment. /* This is another way of creating a block comment. */ ? > PHP Programming with My. SQL 48

Summary • Binary format (or “binaries”) refers to files that can be in the form of executable installation programs • Source code is the original programming code in which an application was written • Directives define information about how a program should be configured • Java. Script and PHP are both referred to as embedded scripting languages PHP Programming with My. SQL 49

Summary (continued) • You write PHP scripts within code declaration blocks, which are separate sections within a Web page that are interpreted by the scripting engine • The individual lines of code that make up a PHP script are called statements • The term function refers to a procedure (or individual statements grouped into a logical unit) that perform a specific task PHP Programming with My. SQL 50

Summary (continued) • The term programming language construct refers to a built-in feature of a programming language • Programming language constructs in PHP are mostly case insensitive, although there are some exceptions • Comments are nonprinting lines that you place in code to contain various types of remarks PHP Programming with My. SQL 51