THE NCEP CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM Version 2 Implementation

THE NCEP CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM Version 2 Implementation Date: 30 March 2011 cfs@noaa. gov THE ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING CENTER NCEP/NWS/NOAA

TECHNICAL INFORMATION NOTICE: EFFECTIVE MARCH 30, 2011. . . BEGINNING WITH THE 1200 COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME /UTC/ RUN. . . THE NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION /NCEP/ WILL UPGRADE THE CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM /CFS/. _______________________________________ ALL COMPONENTS OF THE CFS, THE ATMOSPHERIC MODEL, OCEAN MODEL, LAND-SURFACE MODEL, AND DATA ASSIMILATION, WILL BE UPGRADED AS PART OF THIS CHANGE. PLEASE NOTE THAT RUNNING THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL CFS VERSION WILL BE CONTINUE TILL JUNE 30, 2012 TO ALLOW USERS TO TRANSITION THEIR PROCESSING TO THE NEW CFS VERSION 2. NCEP ENCOURAGES ALL USERS TO ENSURE THAT THEY UPGRADE THEIR PROCESS OF OBTAINING CFS DATA, AS THERE WILL BE MAJOR CHANGES IN CONTENT, FORMAT AND VOLUME OF DATA WITH THIS UPGRADE.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION NOTICE (CONTD): EFFECTIVE MARCH 30, 2011. . . BEGINNING WITH THE 1200 COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME /UTC/ RUN. . . THE NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION /NCEP/ WILL UPGRADE THE CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM /CFS/. _______________________________________ A 3 -LAYER INTERACTIVE GLOBAL SEA ICE MODEL, AS WELL AS A GLOBAL LAND DATA ASSIMILATION WILL BE INTRODUCED. THE RESOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC FORECAST MODEL WILL BE INCREASED FROM T 62 /210 KM/ TO T 126 /100 KM/. THE OCEAN FORECAST MODEL WILL BE UPGRDADED FROM THE LIMITED AREA GFDL MOM 3 TO THE GLOBAL MOM 4. THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION WILL INCREASE FROM 0. 33 DEGREE TO 0. 25 DEGREE FROM 10 NORTH TO 10 SOUTH LATITUDES. NORTHWARDS AND SOUTHWARDS TO THE POLES, THE RESOLUTION WILL INCREASE FROM 1 DEGREE TO 0. 5 DEGREE GLOBALLY. THE LAND SURFACE MODEL WILL BE UPGRADED FROM 2 -LEVEL OSU MODEL TO 4 -LEVEL NOAH LAND MODEL.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION NOTICE (CONTD): EFFECTIVE MARCH 30, 2011. . . BEGINNING WITH THE 1200 COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME /UTC/ RUN. . . THE NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION /NCEP/ WILL UPGRADE THE CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM /CFS/. _______________________________________ THE DATA ASSIMILATION FOR THE CLIMATE FORECAST MODEL WILL ALSO BE UPGRADED. THE RESOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CLIMATE DATA ASSIMILATION VERSION 2/CDAS 2/ WILL BE UPGRADED FROM T 62/210 KM/ WITH 28 SIGMA LEVELS TO T 574 /27 KM/ WITH 64 HYBRID SIGMA-PRESSURE LEVELS. THE SPECTRAL STATISTICAL INTERPOLATION SCHEME /SSI/ WILL CHANGE TO A GRIDPOINT STATISTICAL INTERPOLATION SCHEME /GSI/. SATELLITE RADIANCES WILL BE DIRECTLY ASSIMILATED INSTEAD OF RETRIEVALS. THE GLOBAL OCEAN DATA ASSIMILATION /GODAS/ WILL ALSO BE UPGRADED FROM MOM 3 TO MOM 4. IN ADDITION, THERE WILL BE A NEW GLOBAL LAND DATA ASSIMILATION /GLDAS/ WHICH WILL USE OBSERVED CPC PRECIPITATION AS FORCING FOR THE NOAH LAND MODEL. THE DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEMS FOR CURRENT OPERATIONS /CFSV 1/ R 2/GODAS/WILL BE DISCONTINUED ON JUNE 30, 2012.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION NOTICE (CONTD): EFFECTIVE MARCH 30, 2011. . . BEGINNING WITH THE 1200 COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME /UTC/ RUN. . . THE NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION /NCEP/ WILL UPGRADE THE CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM /CFS/. _______________________________________ THERE WILL BE SIGNIFICANT ADDITIONS TO PARAMETERS IN THE PRESSURE GRIB /PGRB/, FLUX FILES /FLX/ AND OCEAN /OCN/ FILES. IN ADDITION, THERE WILL BE A NEW FILE THAT CONTAINS PARAMETERS ON ISENTROPIC SURFACES /IPV/. DUE TO THE INCREASES IN RESOLUTION, THERE WILL BE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO THE FORMAT AND CONTENT OF ALL THESE FILES. THE HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION OF PGRB FILES WILL INCREASE FROM 2. 5 X 2. 5 DEGREE TO 1 X 1 DEGREE AND THE NUMBER OF PRESSURE LEVELS WILL INCREASE FROM 17 TO 37. THE SIZE OF THE FLUX FILE WILL INCREASE FROM THE GAUSSIAN GRID FOR T 62 (192 X 94) TO THAT FOR T 126 (384 X 190). THE OCEAN FILE WILL INCREASE FROM 2. 5 X 2. 5 DEGREE TO 0. 5 X 0. 5 DEGREE THE NEW ISENTROPIC FILE WILL HAVE A RESOLUTION OF 1 X 1 DEGREE. THERE WILL ALSO BE AN INCREASE IN THE TEMPORAL RESOLUTION OF THE OUTPUT FORECAST DATA, FROM 12 -HOURLY TO 6 -HOURLY.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION NOTICE (CONTD): EFFECTIVE MARCH 30, 2011. . . BEGINNING WITH THE 1200 COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME /UTC/ RUN. . . THE NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION /NCEP/ WILL UPGRADE THE CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM /CFS/. _______________________________________ ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT CHANGE WILL BE THE DISCONTINUANCE OF ALL SEASONAL PRODUCTS, BOTH FOR THE REAL TIME FORECASTS AND CLIMATOLOGIES. ONLY MONTHLY MEAN PRODUCTS WILL BE DISSEMINATED FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE CFSV 2 UPGRADE, PLEASE VISIT THE CFS WEBSITE AT: http: //cfs. noaa. gov/cfsv 2. info

TECHNICAL INFORMATION NOTICE (CONTD): EFFECTIVE MARCH 30, 2011. . . BEGINNING WITH THE 1200 COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME /UTC/ RUN. . . THE NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION /NCEP/ WILL UPGRADE THE CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM /CFS/. _______________________________________ CFSV 2 SAMPLE DATA FROM : A. ONE FULL ANALYSIS CYCLE B. ONE FULL 9 -MONTH FORECAST (MONTHLY MEANS AND 6 -HOURLY DATA FOR THE FIRST 6 MONTHS OF INTEGRATION) C. ONE FULL 45 -DAY FORECAST (6 -HOURLY TIMESERIES OF 82 SELECTED VARIABLES AND 6 -HOURLY DATA FOR FULL INTERGRATION) D. ONE FULL FIRST SEASON FORECAST (MONTHLY MEANS, 6 -HOURLY TIMESERIES OF 82 SELECTED VARIABLES AND 6 -HOURLY DATA FOR FULL INTERGRATION) WILL BE PLACED AT THE CFS WEBSITE FOR PUBLIC USE. http: //cfs. ncep. noaa. gov/cfsv 2. info/

THE NCEP CLIMATE FORECAST SYSTEM Version 2 Paper Suranjana Saha, Shrinivas Moorthi, Xingren Wu, Jiande Wang, Sudhir Nadiga, Patrick Tripp, Hua-Lu Pan, David Behringer, Yu. Tai Hou, Hui-ya Chuang, Mark Iredell, Michael Ek, Jesse Meng, Rongqian Yang, 2011 : The NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. To be submitted to the Journal of Climate.

For a new Climate Forecast System (CFS) implementation Two essential components: A new Reanalysis of the atmosphere, ocean, seaice and land over the 32 -year period (1979 -2010) is required to provide consistent initial conditions for: A complete Reforecast of the new CFS over the 29 -year period (1982 -2010), in order to provide stable calibration and skill estimates of the new system, for operational seasonal prediction at NCEP

For a new CFS implementation (contd) 1. An atmosphere at high horizontal resolution (spectral T 574, ~27 km) and high vertical resolution (64 sigma-pressure hybrid levels) for the real time analysis 2. An atmosphere of T 126 L 64 for the real time forecasts 3. An interactive ocean with 40 levels in the vertical, to a depth of 4737 m, and horizontal resolution of 0. 25 degree at the tropics, tapering to a global resolution of 0. 5 degree northwards and southwards of 10 N and 10 S respectively 4. An interactive 3 layer sea-ice model 5. An interactive land model with 4 soil levels

ONE DAY OF REAL TIME ANALYSIS 12 Z GSI 18 Z GSI 0 Z GSI 6 Z GSI 0 Z GODAS 6 Z GODAS 0 Z GLDAS 12 Z GODAS 18 Z GODAS 9 -hr coupled T 382 L 64 forecast guess (GFS + MOM 4 + Noah)

Reforecast Configuration for CFSv 2 (T 126 L 64) • • • 9 -month hindcasts initiated from every 5 th day and run from all 4 cycles of that day, beginning from Jan 1 of each year, over a 29 year period from 1982 -2010. This is required to calibrate the operational CPC longer-term seasonal predictions (ENSO, etc) In addition, a single 1 season (123 -day) hindcast run, initiated from every 0 UTC cycle between these five days, over the 12 year period from 1999 -2010. This is required to calibrate the operational CPC first season predictions for hydrological forecasts (precip, evaporation, runoff, streamflow, etc) In addition, three 45 -day (1 -month) hindcast runs from every 6, 12 and 18 UTC cycles, over the 12 -year period from 1999 -2010. This is required for the operational CPC week 3 -week 6 predictions of tropical circulations (MJO, PNA, etc) Jan 1 Jan 2 Jan 3 Jan 4 Jan 5 Jan 6 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 9 month run 1 season run 45 day run

Operational Configuration for CFSv 2 real time forecasts (T 126 L 64) • • There will be 4 control runs per day from the 0, 6, 12 and 18 UTC cycles of the CFS real-time data assimilation system, out to 9 months. In addition to the control run of 9 months at the 0 UTC cycle, there will be 3 additional runs, out to one season. These 3 runs per cycle will be initialized as in current operations. In addition to the control run of 9 months at the 6, 12 and 18 UTC cycles, there will be 3 additional runs, out to 45 days. These 3 runs per cycle will be initialized as in current operations. There will be a total of 16 CFS runs every day, of which 4 runs will go out to 9 months, 3 runs will go out to 1 season and 9 runs will go out to 45 days. 0 UTC 6 UTC 9 month run (4) 12 UTC 18 UTC 1 season run (3) 45 day run (9)

CFSv 2 OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PERTURBATION OF Members 2, 3 and 4 at each cycle 6 Z 6 Z 6 Z 0 M 2 Dy-2 00 Z= 0 M 2 Dy-1 00 Z= 0 M 2 Dy 0 00 Z= 0 0. 85 x. A-2 + 0. 1 x. A-3 0 0. 85 x. A-1 + 0. 1 x. A-2 0 0. 85 x. A 0 + 0. 1 x. A-1 Z M 3 Dy-2 00 Z = Z M 3 Dy-1 00 Z = Z M 3 Dy 0 00 Z = A-2 + M 1 Dy-3 – M 2 Dy-3 G D A M 4 Dy-3 00 Z = A-2 – M 1 Dy-3 + M 2 Dy-3 A-1 + M 1 Dy-2 – M 2 Dy-2 G D A M 4 Dy-1 00 Z = A-1 – M 1 Dy-2 + M 2 Dy-2 A 0 + M 1 Dy-1 – M 2 Dy-1 G D A M 4 Dy 0 00 Z = A 0 – M 1 Dy-1 + M 2 Dy-1 S M 1 Dy-2 00 Z dy-1 S M 1 Dy-1 00 Z dy-1 S M 1 Dy 0 00 Z dy 0 Dy 9 mth control A-2 A-1 A 0

DATA DESCRIPTION

LEVEL 1 DATA : 5 TYPES OF FILES CREATED EVERY 6 HRS File FLXF PGBF Grid Description T 126(384 x 190 Gaussian) Surface, radiative fluxes, etc. 1 degree 3 -D Pressure level data OCNH 0. 5 degree OCNF 1 degree IPVF 1 degree 3 -D Ocean data 3 -D Isentropic level data

37 Pressure (h. Pa) Levels: pgb (atmosphere) 1000 975 950 925 900 875 850 825 800 775 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 70 50 30 20 10 7 5 3 2 1 40 Levels (depth in meters): ocn (ocean) 4478 3972 3483 3016 2579 2174 1807 1479 1193 949 747 584 459 366 303 262 238 225 215 205 195 185 175 165 155 145 135 125 115105 95 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 16 Isentropic Levels (K): ipv 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 350 400 450 550 650 850 1000 1250 1500

CONTENTS OF IPV FILES • LAPRtht 16 ** (profile) Lapse rate [K/m] • MNTSFtht 16 ** (profile) Montgomery stream function [m^2/s^2] • PRESsfc 0 ** (surface) Pressure [Pa] • PVORTtht 16 ** (profile) Pot. vorticity [km^2/kg/s] • RHtht 16 ** (profile) Relative humidity [%] • TMPsfc 0 ** (surface) Temp. [K] • TMPtht 16 ** (profile) Temp. [K] • UGRDtht 16 ** (profile) u wind [m/s] • VGRDtht 16 ** (profile) v wind [m/s] • VVELtht 16 ** (profile) Pressure vertical velocity [Pa/s]

CONTENTS OF PGB FILE (524 Variables) • • • • ABSVprs CLWMRprs GPAprs HGTprs O 3 MRprs RHprs SPFHprs STRMprs TMPprs UGRDprs VPOTprs VVELprs PRESmsl 37 ** (profile) Absolute vorticity [/s] 32 ** (profile) Cloud water [kg/kg] 2 ** (profile) Geopotential height anomaly [gpm] 37 ** (profile) Geopotential height [gpm] 37 ** (profile) Ozone mixing ratio [kg/kg] 37 ** (profile) Relative humidity [%] 37 ** (profile) Specific humidity [kg/kg] 37 ** (profile) Stream function [m^2/s] 37 ** (profile) Temp. [K] 37 ** (profile) u wind [m/s] 37 ** (profile) v wind [m/s] 37 ** (profile) Velocity potential [m^2/s] 37 ** (profile) Pressure vertical velocity [Pa/s] 0 ** mean-sea level Pressure [Pa] AND MANY MORE……. .

CONTENTS OF OCEAN FILE (222 Variables) • • • • • • • POTdsl SALTYdsl UOGRDdsl VOGRDdsl DZDTdsl DBSSt 2 p 5 c DBSSt 10 c DBSSt 15 c DBSSt 20 c DBSSt 25 c DBSSt 28 c DBSSbmxl DBSSbitl EMNPsfc ICECsfc ICETKsfc OHC 0_300 m SNODsfc SSHGsfc TCHPl 239 THFLXsfc TMPsfc UFLXsfc VFLXsfc UICEsfc VICEsfc 40 levels (profile) Potential temp. [K] 40 levels (profile) Salinity [kg/kg] 40 levels (profile) u of current [m/s] 40 levels (profile) v of current [m/s] 40 levels (profile) Geometric vertical velocity [m/s] 2. 5 C isotherm Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] 10 C isotherm Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] 15 C isotherm Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] 20 C isotherm Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] 25 C isotherm Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] 28 C isotherm Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] Mixed layer Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] Isothermal layer Geometric Depth Below Sea Surface [m] Evaporation - Precipitation [cm/day] Ice concentration (ice=1; no ice=0) [fraction] Ice thickness [m] 0 -300 m under water Ocean Heat Content [J/m^2] Snow depth [m] Sea Surface Height Relative to Geoid [m] Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential [J/m^2] Total downward heat flux at surface [W/m^2] Surface Temp. [K] Zonal momentum flux [N/m^2] Meridional momentum flux [N/m^2] u of ice drift [m/s] v of ice drift [m/s]

CONTENTS OF FLX FILE (103 Variables) RADIATIVE FLUXES • • • • • • CDUVBsfc CSDLFsfc CSDSFsfc CSULFtoa CSUSFsfc CSUSFtoa NBDSFsfc NDDSFsfc VBDSFsfc VDDSFsfc DLWRFsfc DSWRFtoa LHTFLsfc SHTFLsfc ULWRFtoa USWRFsfc USWRFtoa surface Clear Sky UV-B Downward Solar Flux [W/m^2] surface Clear sky downward long wave flux [W/m^2] surface Clear sky downward solar flux [W/m^2] surface Clear sky upward long wave flux [W/m^2] top of atmos Clear sky upward long wave flux [W/m^2] surface Clear sky upward solar flux [W/m^2] top of atmos Clear sky upward solar flux [W/m^2] surface Near IR beam downward solar flux [W/m^2] surface Near IR diffuse downward solar flux [W/m^2] surface Visible beam downward solar flux [W/m^2] surface Visible diffuse downward solar flux [W/m^2] surface Downward long wave flux [W/m^2] surface Downward short wave flux [W/m^2] top of atmos Downward short wave flux [W/m^2] surface Latent heat flux [W/m^2] surface Sensible heat flux [W/m^2] surface Upward long wave flux [W/m^2] top of atmos Upward long wave flux [W/m^2] surface Upward short wave flux [W/m^2] top of atmos Upward short wave flux [W/m^2]

CONTENTS OF FLX FILE (103 Variables) LAND SURFACE VARIABLES • • • • • CNWATsfc EVBSsfc EVCWsfc SBSNOsfc SFCRsfc SFEXCsfc SLTYPsfc SNODsfc SNOHFsfc SNOWCsfc GFLUXsfc SOTYPsfc SRWEQsfc SSRUNsfc PEVPRsfc TRANSsfc VEGsfc VGTYPsfc WATRsfc WEASDsfc surface Plant canopy surface water [kg/m^2] surface Direct evaporation from bare soil [W/m^2] surface Canopy water evaporation [W/m^2] surface Sublimation (evaporation from snow) [W/m^2] surface Surface roughness [m] surface Exchange coefficient [(kg/m^3)(m/s)] surface Surface slope type [Index] surface Snow depth [m] surface Snow phase-change heat flux [W/m^2] surface Snow cover [%] surface Ground heat flux [W/m^2] surface Soil type (Zobler) [0. . 9] surface Snowfall rate water equiv. [kg/m^2/s] surface Storm surface runoff [kg/m^2] surface Potential evaporation rate [W/m^2] surface Transpiration [W/m^2] surface Vegetation [%] surface Vegetation type (as in Si. B) [0. . 13] surface Water runoff [kg/m^2] surface Accum. snow [kg/m^2]

CONTENTS OF FLX FILE (103 Variables) LAND SURFACE VARIABLES (contd) • • • • TMP_10 cm TMP 10_40 cm TMP 40_100 cm TMP 100_200 cm SOILL 0_10 cm 0 -10 cm underground Temp. [K] 10 -40 cm underground Temp. [K] 40 -100 cm underground Temp. [K] 100 -200 cm underground Temp. [K] 0 -10 cm underground Liquid volumetric soil moisture (non-frozen) SOILL 10_40 cm 10 -40 cm underground Liquid volumetric soil moisture (non-frozen) SOILL 40_100 cm 40 -100 cm underground Liquid volumetric soil moisture (non-frozen) SOILL 100_200 cm 100 -200 cm underground Liquid volumetric soil moisture (non-frozen) SOILM 0_200 cm 0 -200 cm underground Soil moisture content [kg/m^2] SOILW 0_10 cm 0 -10 cm underground Volumetric soil moisture [fraction] SOILW 10_40 cm 10 -40 cm underground Volumetric soil moisture [fraction] SOILW 40_100 cm 40 -100 cm underground Volumetric soil moisture [fraction] SOILW 100_200 cm 100 -200 cm underground Volumetric soil moisture [fraction]

CONTENT S OF FLX FILE (103 Variables) RAIN AND CLOUDS • • • • • • CRAINsfc CWORKclm CPRATsfc PRATEsfc PRESlcb PRESlct PRESmcb PRESmct PREShcb PREShct PREScvb PREScvt TCDCclm TCDCbcl TCDClcl TCDCmcl TCDChcl TCDCcvl TMPlct TMPmct TMPhct surface Categorical rain [yes=1; no=0] atmos column Cloud work function [J/kg] surface Convective precip. rate [kg/m^2/s] surface Precipitation rate [kg/m^2/s] low cloud base Pressure [Pa] low cloud top Pressure [Pa] mid-cloud base Pressure [Pa] mid-cloud top Pressure [Pa] high cloud base Pressure [Pa] high cloud top Pressure [Pa] convective cld base Pressure [Pa] convective cld top Pressure [Pa] atmos column Total cloud cover [%] boundary cld layer Total cloud cover [%] low cloud level Total cloud cover [%] mid-cloud level Total cloud cover [%] high cloud level Total cloud cover [%] convective cld layer Total cloud cover [%] low cloud top Temp. [K] mid-cloud top Temp. [K] high cloud top Temp. [K]

CONTENTS OF FLX FILE (103 Variables) TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE AND WINDS • • • TMAX 2 m TMIN 2 m TMPsfc TMP 2 m TMPhlev 1 2 m above ground Max. temp. [K] 2 m above ground Min. temp. [K] surface Temp. [K] 2 m above ground Temp. [K] hybrid level 1 Temp. [K] • • • PWATclm QMAX 2 m QMIN 2 m SPFHhlev 1 atmos column Precipitable water [kg/m^2] 2 m above ground Maximum specific humidity at 2 m 2 m above ground Minimum specific humidity at 2 m 2 m above ground Specific humidity [kg/kg] hybrid level 1 Specific humidity [kg/kg] • • UGWDsfc VGWDsfc UFLXsfc VFLXsfc UGRD 10 m VGRD 10 m UGRDhlev 1 VGRDhlev 1 surface Zonal gravity wave stress [N/m^2] surface Meridional gravity wave stress [N/m^2] surface Zonal momentum flux [N/m^2] surface Meridional momentum flux [N/m^2] 10 m above ground u wind [m/s] 10 m above ground v wind [m/s] hybrid level 1 u wind [m/s] hybrid level 1 v wind [m/s]

CONTENTS OF FLX FILE (103 Variables) AND THE REST…… • • • ICECsfc ICETKsfc LANDsfc ACONDsfc ALBDOsfc FRICVsfc HGThlev 1 HPBLsfc PRESsfc surface Ice concentration (ice=1; no ice=0) [fraction] surface Ice thickness [m] surface Land cover (land=1; sea=0) [fraction] surface Aerodynamic conductance [m/s] surface Albedo [%] surface Friction velocity [m/s] surface Geopotential height [gpm] hybrid level 1 Geopotential height [gpm] surface Planetary boundary layer height [m] surface Pressure [Pa]

LEVEL 2 DATA : MONTHLY MEANS OF THE 5 TYPES OF FILES CREATED EVERY 6 HRS (00 Z, 06 Z, 12 Z, 18 Z and daily averages for each month) File FLXF PGBF Grid Description T 126(384 x 190 Gaussian) Surface, radiative fluxes, etc. 1 degree 3 -D Pressure level data OCNH 0. 5 degree OCNF 1 degree IPVF 1 degree 3 -D Ocean data 3 -D Isentropic level data

LEVEL 3 DATA : 6 HOURLY TIMESERIES OF 98 SELECTED VARIABLES File FLXF PGBF Grid Number T 126(384 x 190 Gaussian) 39 1 degree 35 OCNH 0. 5 degree 21 IPVF 3 1 degree

6 -Hourly Timeseries of 98 parameters : FLX file (39) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. LHTFL (latent heat flux) : averaged SHTFL (sensible heat flx) : averaged UFLX (u-stress) : averaged VFLX (v-stress) : averaged PRATE (precipitation rate) : averaged PRESSFC (Surface pressure) : instantaneous PWAT (Precipitable Water) : instantaneous TMP 2 M (2 m air temperature) : instantaneous TMPSFC (surface temperature) : instantaneous TMPHY 1 (temperature at hybrid level 1) : instantaneous PEVPR (potential evaporation rate) : averaged U 10 M (u at 10 m) : instantaneous V 10 M (v at 10 m) : instantaneous DLWSFC (Downward LW at the surface) : averaged DSWSFC (Downward SW at the surface) : averaged ULWSFC (Upward LW at the surface) : averaged ULWTOA (Upward LW at the top) : averaged USWSFC (Upward SW at the surface) : averaged USWTOA (Upward SW at the top) : averaged SOILM 1 (Soil Moisture Level 1) : instantaneous SOILM 2 (Soil Moisture Level 2) : instantaneous SOILM 3 (Soil Moisture Level 3) : instantaneous SOILM 4 (Soil Moisture Level 4) : instantaneous SOILT 1 (Soil Temperature Level 1) : instantaneous GFLUX (Ground Heat Flux) : averaged WEASD (Snow Water Equivalent) : instantaneous RUNOFF (Ground Runoff) : accumulation ICECON (Ice concentation) ICETHK (Ice Thickness) Q 2 M (2 m Specific Humidity) TMIN (Minimum 2 m air temperature) TMAX (Maximum 2 m air temperature)

6 -Hourly Timeseries of 98 parameters (contd): FLX file (39) 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. CPRAT (convective precipitation rate) : averaged CSDLF (clear sky downward long wave flux) : CSUSF (clear sky upward solar flux) : NDDSF (Near IR diffuse downward solar flux) : SRWEQ (snowfall rate water equivalent) : averaged TCDCCLM (total cloud cover atmospheric column) : averaged VDDSF (visible diffuse downward solar flux) :

6 -Hourly Timeseries of 98 parameters (contd) : PGB file (35) 1. Z 200 (Geopotential at 200 h. Pa) 2. Z 500 (Geopotential at 500 h. Pa) 3. Z 700 (Geopotential at 700 h. Pa) 4. Z 850 (Geopotential at 850 h. Pa) 5. Z 1000 (Geopotential at 1000 h. Pa) 6. T 2 (Temperature at 2 h. Pa) 7. T 50 (Temperature at 50 h. Pa) 8. T 200 (Temperature at 200 h. Pa) 9. T 250 (Temperature at 250 h. Pa) 10. T 500 (Temperature at 500 h. Pa) 11. T 700 (Temperature at 700 h. Pa) 12. T 850 (Temperature at 850 h. Pa) 13. T 1000 (Temperature at 1000 h. Pa) 14. WND 200 (Zonal (u ) and Meridional: (v) Wind at 200 h. Pa) 15. WND 250 (Zonal (u ) and Meridional: (v) Wind at 250 h. Pa) 16. WND 500 (Zonal (u ) and Meridional: (v) Wind at 500 h. Pa) 17. WND 700 (Zonal (u ) and Meridional: (v) Wind at 700 h. Pa) 18. WND 850 (Zonal (u ) and Meridional: (v) Wind at 850 h. Pa) 19. WND 1000 (Zonal (u ) and Meridional: (v) Wind at 1000 h. Pa) 20. PSI 200 (Streamfunction at 200 h. Pa) 21. PSI 850 (Streamfunction at 850 h. Pa) 22. CHI 200 (Velocity Potential at 200 h. Pa) 23. CHI 850 (Velocity Potential at 200 h. Pa) 24. VVEL 500 (Vertical Velocity at 500 h. Pa) 25. Q 500 (Specific Humidity at 500 h. Pa) 26. Q 700 (Specific Humidity at 700 h. Pa) 27. Q 850 (Specific Humidity at 850 h. Pa) 28. Q 925 (Specific Humidity at 925 h. Pa) 29. PRMSL (Mean Sea Level Pressure)

6 -Hourly Timeseries of 98 parameters (contd) : IPV file (3) 1. 2. 3. IPV 450 (Potential Vorticty at 450 K Isentropic Level) IPV 550 (Potential Vorticty at 550 K Isentropic Level) IPV 650 (Potential Vorticty at 650 K Isentropic Level) 6 -Hourly Timeseries of 98 parameters (contd) : OCNH file (21) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. OCNDT 2. 5 C (Depth of 2. 5 C Isotherm) OCNDT 5 C (Depth of 5 C Isotherm) OCNDT 10 C (Depth of 10 C Isotherm) OCNDT 15 C (Depth of 15 C Isotherm) OCNDT 20 C (Depth of 20 C Isotherm) OCNDT 25 C (Depth of 25 C Isotherm) OCNDT 28 C (Depth of 28 C Isotherm) OCNHEAT (Ocean Heat Content) OCNSLH (Sea Level Height) OCNSST (Ocean Potential Temperature at depth of 5 m) OCNU 5 (Ocean Zonal Current at depth of 5 m) OCNV 5 (Ocean Meridional Current at depth of 5 m) OCNSAL 5 (Ocean Salinity at depth of 5 m) OCNU 15 (Ocean Zonal Current at depth of 15 m) OCNV 15 (Ocean Meridional Current at depth of 15 m) OCNT 15 (Ocean Potential Temperature at depth of 15 m) OCNSAL 15 (Ocean Salinity at depth of 15 m) OCNVV 55 (Ocean vertical velocity at depth of 55 m) OCNMLD (Ocean Mixed Layer Depth) OCNSILD (Ocean Surface Isothermal Layer Depth) OCNTCHP (Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential)

DAILY CLIMATOLOGIES CFS Retrospective Forecast Daily Climatology Åke Johansson, Catherine Thiaw and Suranjana Saha Environmental Modeling Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA http: //cfs. ncep. noaa. gov/cfs. daily. climatology. doc Methodology The problem at hand is to extract, for each variable, at each grid point and at each forecast lead time, an estimate of the true climatological annual cycle from 11 years of 4 times daily data, which is given every day of the year. At each calendar date, the straight average value, determined from the available 11 values, is in general composed of the following components: • The true climatological annual cycle • Meteorological noise • Climatological noise (Low-frequency meteorological noise, i. e. , variability on time scales comparable with, and longer than, the 11 -yrs considered here. ) • Model noise

DAILY CLIMATOLOGIES (continued) The extraction of (i) is done here by fitting, through the method of least squares, the annual cycle of the raw average values to a truncated Fourier series with sine and cosine as basis functions. There is no a priori reason why the climatological annual cycle should necessarily be best represented by a low-order Fourier series. However, previous studies, such as the ones by Trenberth (1985), Epstein (1988) and Schemm et al. (1998), have shown that this method gives reasonable results. The method requires a decision on truncation, i. e. , how many Fourier components should be included to give optimum results. Using too few components – underfitting – implies that part of the true climatological annual cycle is not included in the estimate, while on the other hand using too many components – overfitting – means that part of the noise is included in the estimate. In accordance with the experience and practice at NCEP (Schemm et al. 1998), a truncation at wave number 4 is used for all variables at all locations and at all forecast lead times. Note that no smoothing or filtering in the spatial domain is performed. The rationale being that many variables have quite localized geographical characteristics

WHAT CLIMOS ARE BEING PREPARED http: //cfs. ncep. noaa. gov/cfsv 2. info/CFSv 2. Calibration. Data. doc ANALYSIS: CFSR, GODASv 2, CMAP, ¼ o OISST, GHCN_CAMS LEVEL-1 DATA: NONE (RAW 6 -HOURLY DATA) LEVEL-2 DATA: MONTHLY MEANS FOR ALL 5 TYPES (PGB, FLX, OCNH, OCNF, IPV) ONLY FOR THE 9 -MONTH RUNS TWO CLIMOS: 1982 -2009 (FULL PERIOD) 1999 -2009 (AMSU PERIOD) LEVEL-3 DATA: DAILY CLIMOS FOR EACH CYCLE ONLY FOR 45 -DAY RUNS. 88 SELECTED VARIABLES 1999 -2009 (AMSU PERIOD)