1 What was the Second Great Awakening 2

1. What was the Second Great Awakening? 2. Why did many Americans discriminate against Mormons, Catholics, and Jewish people? Ralph Waldo Emerson 3. What did Transcendentalists believe?

The Second Great Awakening profoundly influenced American life. Church membership skyrocketed. Reawakened religious feeling moved Americans to work for a wide variety of social reforms. Second Great Awakening – Religious revival movement in the first half of the 1800 s. Revivalist – Preacher who works to renew the importance of religion in American life.

The Second Great Awakening began on the frontier in Kentucky and then spread north and south, reaching the cities of the Northeast in the 1820 s. Hundreds of preachers, including Charles Grandison Finney, set up revivalist camps in rural areas and attracted thousands of converts throughout the country. The converted often became so frenzied that they would roll, jerk, shake, shout, and even bark in excitement.

The Second Great Awakening began on the frontier in Kentucky and then spread north and south, reaching the cities of the Northeast in the 1820 s. Hundreds of preachers, including Charles Grandison Finney, set up revivalist camps in rural areas and attracted thousands of converts throughout the country. Evangelical – Style of worship meant to elicit powerful emotions to gain converts.

Many preachers of the Second Great Awakening welcomed African Americans at their revivals. However, some African Americans established their own, separate churches. In 1816, several of these churches united to become the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. By 1826, the AME Church had nearly 8, 000 members.

A Religious Leader The painted serving tray below commemorates the Congregationalist minister Lemuel Haynes. In 1785, he was perhaps the first African American to be ordained by a mainstream Protestant Church.

The Church of Latter Day Saints, or Mormon Church, was founded by Ohioan Joseph Smith in 1830. Mormons believed God had entrusted them with a new set of scriptures called the Book of Mormon. The Mormons Because Smith also advocated polygamy, Mormons faced intense hostility and persecution from Protestants throughout the Midwest.

Violence Against the Mormons

The Mormons An angry Illinois mob murdered Smith in 1844, his disciple Brigham Young took charge of the church and led a mass migration to the desert around the Great Salt Lake. There the Mormons converted the barren lands into an oasis suitable for growing crops. Utah, the territory settled by the Mormons, did not become a state until 1896, when Mormons agreed to abandon the practice of polygamy.

The Unitarians Members of Unitarian churches saw God as one being, instead of the traditional trinity (three beings) and created their own church around the ideas.

Members of the Roman Catholic Church faced harsh discrimination in the early 1800 s. Many Protestants viewed Catholicism as incompatible with American ideals of democracy. Poor Irish Catholics faced discrimination because they had little money, they would work for extremely low wages, which threatened other workers. Jewish people also faced discrimination. Until late in the 19 th century, Jews were barred from holding political office in many parts of the United States.

During the early 1800 s, dozens of groups of Americans sought to improve their lives in a unique way. They chose to distance themselves from society by setting up communities based on unusual ways of sharing property, labor, and family life. These settlements came to be called utopian communities, or utopias, because they aspired to be perfect communities. Brook Farm, 1845

New Harmony A community of roughly 1, 000 Americans in Indiana who believed socialistic communities could end poverty. The community collapsed in just a few short years. Original Plans for New Harmony, Indiana in 1832

Brook Farm A community in Massachusetts closely affiliated with the Transcendentalist movement, preached harmony with nature and modest living. This community collapsed within a few years.

Journal #16 During the early 1800 s, dozens of groups of Americans sought to improve their lives in a unique way. They chose to distance themselves from society by setting up communities based on unusual ways of sharing property, labor, and family life. These settlements came to be called utopias because they aspired to be perfect communities. What would your utopian community look like?

ü Utopia ü Charles Grandison Finney ü Joseph Smith/Brigham Young ü John Calhoun ü Think--Tariff of Abominations ü Spoils System

The Shaker Movement Located in several states and boasted more than half a million members at its height, ultimately dissolved because believers were forbidden to marry or have sex. Shaker dance and worship.

The New England Transcendentalists argued that not all knowledge comes from the senses and that ultimate truth “transcends” the physical world. Transcendentalists believed in the divinity of man’s inner consciousness and thought that nature revealed the whole of God’s moral law. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman championed selfreliance and a rugged individuality that matched the character of the developing nation.

Religion in the Early 1800 s Second Great Awakening Discrimination Other Religious Movements Camp Meetings Mormons persecuted by Protestants. Utopian communities try to create perfect societies. African Americans form their own churches Catholics face discrimination. Shaker communities prosper. Poor Irish Catholics seen as a threat. Transcendentalists promote new beliefs. Jewish people banned from public office. People debate the roles of churches and the state.

1. What did the public school movement accomplish? 2. What motivated Dorothea Dix to campaign for reform? 3. How successful was the temperance movement?

The leaders of the Second Great Awakening preached that their followers had a sacred responsibility to improve life on earth. One of the most popular reform movements was in the field of education. There were no public schools that children were required by law to attend, most children did not go to school. The Public School Movement sought to establish a system of tax-supported public schools.

One of the greatest reformers was Horace Mann advanced the idea of free public schools that all children were required by law to attend. He argued for: • state oversight of local schools • standardized school calendars • adequate school funding • abolishment of physical punishment • establishment of well-educated, professional teachers. Mann’s influence was felt nationwide. Government-supported public schools became the norm across the nation. The percentage of American children attending school doubled.

A schoolteacher from Mass. , Dorothea Dix spearheaded the campaign to establish publicly funded insane asylums to help the mentally ill. Her report on the unthinkable treatment of insane women in the state’s prisons convinced legislators to build the first asylums. Dix traveled thousands of miles promoting her cause.

Dix and others also worked to reform American prisons. Until that time, most people viewed prisons as a place to punish criminals. Prison reformers, however thought that prisons should make criminals feel sorrow for their crimes. The prison reform system is Auburn Prison thus sometimes called the penitentiary movement. Inside Auburn Prison

Many American prisons followed the Auburn model. At the Auburn prison, in Central NY, in the 1820 s, prisoners worked with one another during the day in strict silence but slept in individual cells at night. Auburn Prison Inside Auburn Prison

Many of the days problems were attributed to the widespread use of alcohol. In response, reformers launched the temperance movement, an effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it. The Temperance Movement sought to ban the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol. Temperance – drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation.

Neal Dow earned a worldwide reputation for his lectures on alcohol abuse. As mayor of Portland, ME, he succeeded in securing the passage of the so-called “Maine Law, ” which restricted the sale of alcohol. Within a few years, a dozen states had passed similar laws. Temperance would remain an enduring issue for the next 100 years. Temperance – drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation.

Q: What position on the temperance debate do you think the cartoonist holds? A: The artist supports temperance, he or she is suggesting that illnesses and crime results from alcohol consumption. The Root of All Evil? In the illustration above, alcohol is blamed for a number of problems, including epilepsy and cholera, two medical problems unrelated to alcohol use.

Journal #17 Some of the earliest public schools in America were schoolhouses where eight grades were taught by one teacher in one room. How does your school differ from the first public schools in America?

• Charles Grandison Finney • Horace Mann • Dorothea Dix • Temperance Movement • Transcendentalists

Causes Efforts to Reform Results Educating all Americans • Public school movement pushes for free schools • Some states fund schools • Schools increase in number • Some taxpayers are reluctant The Mentally ill were • Separate mentally ill • Mental hospitals are built imprisoned with from criminals Prisons treated • Dorothea Dix fought • New prisons built that are inmates in a cruel for prisoners’ rights less cruel. manner Many believed that alcohol caused society’s problems. • Reformers warned the public about effects of alcohol. • American Temperance Society is formed. • Laws are passed to restrict alcohol.

1. How did enslaved people resist their captivity? 2. How did abolitionists attempt to bring about the end of slavery in the United States? 3. Why did many Americans oppose abolishing slavery?

Men, women, and children labored from dawn to dusk at backbreaking tasks. 1. cultivating fields of cotton 2. loading freight onto ships 3. preparing meals in scorching hot kitchens. Their “overseers” maintained brutal work routines by punishing people physically with beatings and whippings, and mentally, through humiliation and the threat of being separated from family members. Often, enslaved people were not allowed to learn to read, and family members who were separated never heard from each other again.

The miserable conditions forced on enslaved people took their inevitable toll. (Some took their own lives. ) In a remarkable triumph of spirit over hardship, most enslaved people maintained their hope and dignity. 1. They worked to maintain networks of family and friends. 2. Parents passed on family stories that children could cherish wherever they might find themselves. 3. They took comfort in their religion.

Many enslaved people did whatever they could to fight back against their oppressors. A loose network of ever-changing escape routes called the Underground Railroad helped many reach freedom. In 1831, a slave named Nat Turner’s Revolt Nat Turner led a revolt near Richmond, VA. Turner believed he had received a sign from God instructing him to lead his people to freedom. Freedman – A person who has been freed from slavery.

Turner’s group killed nearly 60 people before the local militia stopped their march. In the process of the manhunt that followed, the local militia killed dozens of African Americans. Turner was captured after six weeks. He and his associates were executed. Nat Turner’s Capture How are southerners going to react after Nat Turner’s revolt?

Daily Life • Heavy Labor • Treated cruelly. Physical punishment, like beatings and whippings. • Barely enough food, clothing, and shelter. • Family members separated. • Most slaves not allowed to learn to read. Ways of Surviving Lives of Free Blacks • Took comfort in their religion. • Suffered from persistent racial discrimination. • Encouraged to migrate to Africa. • Worked to maintain network of family and friends. • Kept family traditions alive. • Worked together to establish churches and schools. • Tried to change and improve the lives of enslaved African Americans.

Many northerners objected to slavery on moral grounds. By 1804, all states north of Maryland had passed legislation to end slavery. In 1807, brining new slaves to any part of the U. S. from Africa was banned. A growing number of Americans opposed to slavery began to speak out. Because they wanted slavery abolished, or ended, they became known as abolitionists. The great reform movement they led was the abolition movement. A printer named William Lloyd Garrison, became one of the leading abolitionists.

In 1831, Garrison began publishing his own antislavery newspaper, The Liberator. Garrison was in favor of emancipation, or the freeing of enslaved people. At first he thought, like most abolitionists, that this should be accomplished gradually over time to minimize economic and social disruption. But Garrison soon took the radical step of avocation immediate emancipation and extension of full political and social rights to African Americans.

Founded by Garrison, in 1833, founded the American Anti-Slavery Society had over 150, 000 members nationally by 1844. The Society printed anti-slavery pamphlets and distributed them to churches and community organizations. They insisted that holding slaves was counter to most Americans’ religious ideals.

Frederick Douglass (c. 1818 -1895) Born a slave in Maryland escaped to the North in 1838. Douglass’s booming voice filled lecture halls with touching stories about the difficulty of his life as a slave. During the Civil War, Douglass, as an adviser to President Lincoln, convinced the President to allow freedmen to fight for the North. Douglass also lent strong support to the women’s movement.

Southerners Cling to Slavery Southern slaveholders intensified their arguments in support for slavery. They argued that: 1. Slavery was necessary because it formed the foundation of the South’s agricultural economy.

Southerners Reliance on Slavery

Southerners Cling to Slavery Southern slaveholders intensified their arguments in support for slavery. They argued that: 1. Slavery was necessary because it formed the foundation of the South’s agricultural economy. 2. Slavery benefited the North, since the North’s textile and shipping industries depended upon southern cotton. 3. Slavery was superior to the wage labor of the North. 4. Some southerners went even further, claiming that Christianity supported slavery, that enslaved people could not survive without slaveholders. (Clearly racist, but many people of the time believed them. )

Northerners Resist Abolition Most northerners agreed with southern views on slavery. A List of Examples: 1. In 1835, William Lloyd Garrison was chased through the streets of Boston by and angry mob as a result of his antislavery views. 2. Grimké-Weld wedding, attended by both white an black guests, infuriated local residents that they burned down the antislavery meeting hall. 3. Abolitionist newspaper editor, Elijah Lovejoy’s printing press was destroyed several time. Lovejoy was killed in 1837 while defending the press.

Journal #19 The Monroe Doctrine said that the U. S. would not allow any European nation to intervene in or colonize countries in the Western Hemisphere in any way at any time for any reason. Do you believe that Monroe had the right to tell other countries to stay our of the Western Hemisphere? Explain.

Northerners Resist Abolition Questions to Consider: 1. Why would white city workers fear the abolishment of slavery 2. Why would white wealthy industrialists resent the presence of black entrepreneurs? Most white northerners disliked southerners, but they did not want to wrestle with the problems of African Americans. They wanted to stay out of the controversy about slavery. Some even supported the southern position on the Gag Rule – Rule lasting from 1836 to 1844 that banned debate about slavery in Congress.

Against For Abolitionists believed that slavery was immoral. Slaveholders argued that slavery formed the basis of the South’s economy. Slavery was counter to religious beliefs. The northern economy also depended on slavery. Slavery was better than wage labor. Christianity supported slavery. Slaves needed masters.

1. What led to women becoming leaders of various reform movements? 2. What conditions led women to start to work to gain rights? 3. What role did Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton play in the women’s rights movement?

In the early 1800 s, American women lacked many basic legal and economic rights. The drive to reform American society created by the Second Great Awakening provided new opportunities for women.

Sojourner Truth (c. 1797 -1843) One of the most effective abolitionist lecturers, a former slave from New York who held audiences spellbound with her powerful speech and arguments.

In the 1820 s and 1830 s, the Northeast was rapidly industrializing. This provided the first real economic opportunity in the nation’s history for women outside the home. Thousands of young women went to work in the new mills and factories. This gave women a small degree of economic independence (although their wages were typically sent to their husbands or fathers).

In the early 1800 s many women argued that their lack of rights made them almost the same as slaves. Women reformers began the women’s movement. Women’s Movement – movement working for greater rights and opportunities for women, of the early and middle 1800 s. Sarah Grimké argued that God made men and women equal and therefore men and women should be treated equally. Building on her sister’s ideas, Angelina Grimké Weld defended the rights of both slaves and women on moral grounds.

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were two active reformers, supporting the temperance and abolitionist causes. Mott had helped found the Amercan Anti-Slavery Society. Stanton was married to a leading abolitionist, Henry Stanton. Both Elizabeth and Henry were involved in women’s rights. In 1848, Mott and Stanton helped organize the nation’s first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Marked the beginnings of the women’s movement in the U. S.

The convention resulted in few concrete improvements in rights, but it inspired generations of young women. Susan B. Anthony was one of the leaders at the convention, who was firmly committed to women’s suffrage. In 1848, the state of NY passed a law, the Married Women’s Property Act, guaranteeing many property rights for women.

Causes 1. Limited rights 2. Limited education opportunities 3. Changing attitudes Events 1. Birth of women’s rights movement 2. Women go to work 3. Seneca Falls Convention Effects 1. Reformers published pamphlets and books 2. Growing Support 3. Married Women’s Property Act in NY