The Republic of China Taiwan Republic of China

The Republic of China (Taiwan)

Republic of China 1912 • First republic in Asia • First president: Sun Yat-sen (1866 - 1925)

ROC Constitution (1946) • First constitutional president (1948 - 1975): Chiang Kai-shek (1887 - 1975) • Defeated by CCP in 1949 • Retreated to Taiwan • Authoritarian rule for a quarter century

ROC Government • President (4 -year term after 1996) • The Five ``Yuan”: – Executive Yuan – Legislative Yuan – Judicial Yuan – Examination Yuan – Control Yuan • 2 Provinces and 18 counties

Taiwan before 1949 • Immigration from mainland China for centuries (Fujian and Hakka) • 1885, Qing government promoted Taiwan from prefecture to province • 1895, ceded to Japan • 1945, returned to Republic of China • ``Taiwanese” versus ``mainlanders” – Fujian 70%, Hakka 15%, ``mainlanders” 13%

Taiwan & Islands • Area: 13, 900 square miles • Population: 24 million

Chiang Kai-shek’s Rule • • Popular elections at the basic level Land reform 9 -year compulsory education Economic take-off from 1960 s – Export processing zones attract foreign direct investment – Industrialization strengthens manufacturing sector

Chiang’s One-China Policy • ``Mainland was temporarily usurped by communist bandits” • ``Gloriously retake the mainland” • Refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognized PRC • ROC was a permanent member of UN Security Council until 1971

Lee Teng-hui (1923 - ) • Succeeded Chiang Kai-shek’s son as president of ROC and chairman of GMD in 1988 • The first popularly elected president of ROC in 1996 • Power transition in 2000: – Chen Shui-bian

Chen Shui-bian (1950 - ) • Leader of the pro-independent Democratic Progressive Party • President of ROC 2000 -2008 • In jail since 2008; parole since 2015

Presid. Ma Ying-jeou 2008 -2016 • 2 nd power transition (from DPP to GMD) and democratic consolidation • Improved relationship with mainland China – Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement signed in 2010 – Met with President Xi Jinping of China in Singapore in 2015

President Tsai Ing-wen 2016 • Democratic Progressive Party leader • First female president of ROC • Inauguration: Calling Donald Trump:

Diplomatic Tug of War • 180 countries recognize PRC (Beijing) as the legitimate government of China – 8 (’ 49) 32 (’ 59) 49 (’ 69) 113 (’ 79) 129 (’ 89) • 15 countries recognize ROC (Taipei) as the legitimate government of China

US Official Policy • US government shifted diplomatic recognition from ROC to PRC in 1979 • US congress passed Taiwan Relations Act in 1979 • American Institute in Taiwan • Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices in US

Economic Ties • Trade and investment expanded rapidly despite restrictions by ROC government • Workaround: Hong Kong and Macau • Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) was signed in 2010 • In 2018, over 40% of Taiwan's exports go to Mainland China and Hong Kong • 19% of imports are from mainland China

Hong Kong SAR

Land & People • 422 square miles – Hong Kong Island – Kowloon Peninsular – New Territories – Outlying islands • 7 million residents – 95% Chinese

Brief History • • HK Island was occupied by UK in 1841 New Territories on 99 -year lease in 1898 Occupied by Japan during World War II Shanghai enterprises fled CCP forces in late 1940 s – industrialization of Hong Kong • One of the four ``Asian Tigers”

Negotiations with UK • Deng Xiaoping: “ 1 country, 2 systems” • PRC Constitution of 1982: S. A. R. • PRC & UK Joint Declaration in 1984

Handover to PRC • 7 th National People’s Congress adopted Basic Law of HKSAR in Beijing in 1990 • Became Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of PRC in July 1, 1997

Basic Law of Hong Kong SAR • Stipulated in PRC-UK Joint Declaration in 1984 • Drafted by a committee with members from both Hong Kong and mainland • Adopted by 7 th NPC in Beijing in 1990 • Came into effect on July 1, 1997 • Constitutional document for HKSAR

3 Principles in the Basic Law • ``One Country, Two Systems” – Capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years (B. L. A 5) • ``High Degree of Autonomy” • ``Hong Kong People Running Hong Kong”

``One Country, Two Systems” • Legal system (British common law) shall be maintained, except for any law that contravene the Basic Law and subject to amendment by the legislature (B. L. A 8)

`` High Degree of Autonomy” • HKSAR enjoys executive, legislative, and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication (B. L. A 2)

``HK People Running HK” • executive authorities and legislature shall be composed of permanent residents of Hong Kong (B. L. A 3) • public servants must be permanent residents of Hong Kong, with some exceptions

Central People’s Government • responsible for defense and foreign affairs relating to HKSAR (B. L. A 13 -14) • authorizes HKSAR to conduct relevant external affairs on its own (B. L. A 13) • HKSAR shall be responsible for the maintenance of public order • 11 PRC laws apply to HK (B. L. A 18)

Rights and Freedoms • freedom of speech, of the press, of publication, of association, of assembly, of procession, of demonstration, of communication, of movement, of conscience, of religious belief, of marriage. . • the right and freedom to form and join trade unions, and to strike

3 Branches of Political Structure • Chief Executive – Carrie Lam (2017 -) – non-partisan • Legislative Council • Court of Final Appeal

S/election of CE & Legco • Shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the HKSAR and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress (B. L. A 45 & A 68) • The ultimate aim is the election of the Chief Executive and all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage (B. L. A 45 & A 68)

S/election of Chief Executive • 1, 200 -member Election Committee – industrial, commercial, and financial sectors 1/4 – the professions 1/4 – labor, social services, religious, & other 1/4 – Legco, HK deputies to NPC, etc. 1/4 • Carrie Lam (2017 - 2022) – no more than two consecutive terms

S/election of Legislative Council Elected by 1998 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 5 geographical constituencies 20 24 30 30 35 35 29 functional constituencies 30 30 35 35 Election committee 10 6 0 0 Total 60 60 70 70

Since 1997 • Freedoms and rights substantially intact – dissident groups • • Judicial system remains the same Weak executive and strong civil service Lack of political skills Multiple political parties – Pro-establishment versus pro-democracy – New localist groups

Hong Kong’s Competitiveness • Geographic location – one of the best deep-water ports in the world

``World’s Freest Economy” • exports and imports each (over half a trillion US$) greater than GDP • GDP per capita (PPP) higher than in U. S. • no VAT, sales tax, or capital gains tax • only 3 types of income are taxed: – profits, salaries, and property • but – 30% live in public housing

Influence on Mainland China • • Main source of direct investment each way Hong Kong bodies of law and expertise Hong Kong attracts talents from mainland Hong Kong radios, TV, newspapers, magazines, and Internet on mainland