Taiwan Emre etin Republic of China Taiwan General

Taiwan Emre Çetin

(Republic of China) Taiwan

General Information • • • Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic Government move to Taipei on 7 December 1949 36, 197 km 2 23, 550, 077 population Currency : New Taiwan dollar

History • 1 January 1912, Qing dynasty collapsed after 268 and Republic of China Established • First interim president was Sun Yat-sen from Kuomintang (which is nationalist party, KMT) • Later Qing General Yuan Shikai appointed as a president but he announced himself as a “Emperor of China” • People reacted, then he re-established “Republic of China” • He passed away in 1915 and political instability started

Kuomintang vs Communist Party of China

Nationalist vs Communists • 1917 Bolshevik Revolution also influenced to Chinese people and communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) supported by people • Chinese Civil War between nationalist and communist started until Second World War • They ceasefire for resist to Japanese invation • Japan lost WW 2 and Civil War started again until 1949

People's Republic of China (PRo. C) 21 September 1949

PRo. C vs Ro. C • As a result, KMT (nationalists) lost the Civil War and they moved to Taiwan island • Communist leader Mao Zadong announced “People’s Republic of China” at 21 September 1949 • Republic of China or KMT or nationalist government holded a seat in UN as a representator of whole China • In Taiwan, there were martial law, single party rule and during this period thousands of people arrested unlawful

Ro. C in Taiwan • This authoritarian regime killed between 2. 000 -25. 000 people in unlawful and anti-humanitarian conditions • Thousands of people arrested, tortured and killed because of suspect of link between communists • In 2008, President Ma Ying Yeou established an official apology for these experiences • undemocratic situation, martial law, single party rule created a discomfort in western countries

25 October 1971 26 th session of the UN General Assembly • For these unlawful, undemocratic and martial rule conditions, UN General Assembly met • Resolution 2758, • 76 votes in favor, 35 against and 17 abstentions. • PRC as “the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations” and “one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. ”

October 25, 1971

Situatio After Resolution • People's Republic of China (PRo. C or PRC) accepted as a representative • Republic of China or Taiwan is not member of UN and Ro. C's UNSC seat hold by PRC • In international politics, Taiwan accepted as a “Chinese Taipei” or “autonomous part of China” as a Taiwan province, Republic of China is not using in politically • Taiwan is unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic

Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore.

Taiwan Miracle • After Second World War, Chen Yi published new Taiwan Yuan for stable their currency • KMT had some metal and foreign currency reserves around 170 million dollar, and they brought to Taiwan island with them • A lot of Chinese elites moved to Taiwan with KMT because of the communist revolution in China • These elites helped to develop of Taiwan

Taiwan Miracle • Government passed “land reform law”, this increased agricultured output • After WW 2, three institutions established after Bretton Woods Conference which are IMF, World Bank and GATT (WTO) and they led liberal policies • Between 1945 -1971, there was a Golden Era for liberals • Taiwan also used this opportunity

Taiwan Miracle • Taiwan liberated the agricultural workforce to work in the urban sectors • “exchange” method for trade executed for peasan which was, they can “pay” with rise of the agrarian machines • "import substitution industrialization” (ISI) developed by liberals for avoid absolute poverty (because it may trigger communist revolution) and Taiwan used ISI; while they are developing, they protect domestic market

Taiwan Miracle • In 1959, Taiwan announced 19 points program of economic and financial reform and it included liberalization, stimulated exports, attract foreign investment • Japanese companies moved to Taiwan because of advantage of the low salary and stimulation

Democratization • 1971 resolution was the awakening for the Taiwan • They understand necessity of the democratization • Also while IMF, World Bank and GATT imposing liberal ideals; single rule party, martial law and undemocratic government can not stand longer • democratization started with Chiang Ching-kuo in 1984 • Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) became first opposition party in Taiwan in 1986

Democratization • Martial Law removed in 1986 by Chang Ching-kuo • He died in 1988 and US educated vice president Lee Teng-hui became president and continue to democratization process • Lee printed Provincial Bank of Taiwan banknotes • In 1996, people directly elected Lee Teng-hui in presidential election

Tsai Ing-wen (President of Taiwan)

Taiwan in 21. Century • After 1971 resolution, Taiwan government saw the necessity of investment of high technology • Techno. Parks established and investment of high technology started such as microelectronics, motherboards, lcd and led panels etc • Taiwan wants to became global player on high technology, sustainable energy, biotechnology, machine learning and artificial intelligence

Taiwan in 21. Century • Taiwan Development Agency build Asia Silicon Valley in Taiwan for this purpose • For this Silicon Valley, just biomedical budget is arround 346. 3 million dollar • Taiwan is the 10 th place in company spending on research and development, 22 nd for capacity for innovation, 16 th place in university-industry collaboration in research and development

Taiwan • Aggregate Score : 91 / 100 (100 most free) • Freedom Rating* : 1 • Political Rights* : 1 • Civil Liberties* : 1 (1 most free, 7 least free)

Curruption Scandal • There was a corruption scandal in 2008 and “Taiwanese prosecutors say they have enough evidence to charge President Chen Shui-bian with corruption - but he is protected by presidential immunity • Wounding process still continue. In this context, we can say still there are corruption problem in Taiwan. • Taiwan score is 61 out of 100 (100 is not corrupted), rank is 31 out of 176 countries

Taiwan in 21. Century • If we consider Taiwan's political status which is not recognized by developed countries and not UN member, Taiwan's situations is noteworthy • Taiwan exports petrochemicals, automobile parts, ships, wireless communication equipment, LCD and LED displays, steel, electronics, plastics, computers; imports petroleum, coas, natural gas, coal, steel, computers, wireless communication equipment, fine chemicals, textiles

GDP per Capita (IMF 2017) • • 1 - Luxemburg : 107, 74 thousand 8 - United States : 59, 5 thousand 19 - Germany : 44. 18 thousand 23 - France : 39. 67 thousand 37 - Taiwan Province of China : 24. 23 thousand 39 - Saudi Arabia : 20. 96 thousand 65 - Turkey : 10. 43 thousand

Taiwan in 21. Century • According to CIA World Factbook; • unemployment is 3, 9%, poverty is 1. 5%, inflation rate is 1. 4% (2016) • Life expectancy avarage is is 80. 2 years. • Fertility rate is 1. 13 children born/woman. • Literacy is 98. 5%. • Taiwan Human Development Index score is 0. 885 and rank is 27 th in the world.

Technology • around 520 high-tech companies and 150, 000 employees • 2015 numbers, motherboards - 89, 9% of notebook PCs - 83, 9% TFT-LCD panels - 41, 4% LCD monitors - 27% of global market (offshore and domestic pr. )

In conclusion • Taiwan is deserve its “Four Asian Tigers” nickname. • After 1971, Taiwan didn’t give up. • Taiwan invest for the future which is high technology and still current government investing biotechnology, sustainable energy, AI, learning machines • Taiwan managed to found a place in global market specially in future based products

In conclusion • Taiwan has similar situation with TRNC, it is not the same but for compare, they are closed • Taiwan choose to invest and produce future's products and they didn't give up • There are 15 established universites and 8 will be active in next years; as a IR student, we can see that, good plan, investment of correct products and hard working could save our country