Russia and Japan Industrialization Outside of the West

Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside of the West

Introduction • By the 19 th century Russia and Japan had managed to launch industrialization programs and strengthened their social and political systems. – They were the only countries outside of the West that industrialized before 1960 • Both maintained economic and political independence

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance I. Russia Before Reforms • Anti-Westernization began under the reign of Catherine the Great – Napoleon’s invasion of 1812 • • Conservative intellectuals support isolation Serfdom still exists Improvements in bureaucratic training Alexander I – Forms Holy Alliance with Prussia and Austria to defend religion and established order

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Western artistic style was welcomed by the ruling elite – Russia contributes to the cultural movement • Decembrist Revolt • Political revolt in 1825 advocating western type reforms – Put down by Tsar Nicolas I • Secret police expand • Schools and newspapers tightly supervised

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Russia avoids a revolution from 1830 -1848 due to political repression • Russia remains conservative • Territorial expansion – Poland • Congress of Vienna of 1815 – Ottoman Empire • Russia supports Balkan independence • France and Britain support Ottomans

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance II. Economic and Social Problems • Russia falls behind the West in terms of industrialization & trade • Russia increases their exports by tightening labor obligations of the peasants • Russia remains an agricultural society – Based on serf labor

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Crimean War (1854 – 1856) – Nicholas I provokes conflict with Ottomans in 1853 arguing Russia was responsible for protecting Christianity – France and Britain aid Ottomans • Britain worried about threat to their holdings in India • France sought diplomatic glory and believed they were the defenders of Christianity • The West wins due to their advanced technology

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • After the war Russia’s new Tsar Alexander II turns to industrialization • Reforms essential to economic growth

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance III. The Reform Era and Early Industrialization • Emancipation of the serfs in 1861 – Aristocrats retained part of their land, but the serfs were given most of it – Serfs obtained no political rights – Tied to land until they could pay for it • Redemption payments went to aristocrats to preserve their class

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Emancipation brought about a new urban labor force • Agricultural productivity remained stagnant • Alexander II introduces more reforms in the 1860’s and 1870’s – Zemstvoes – local political councils created – Military reforms – Educational reforms

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Industrialization – Trans-Siberian Railroad • Stimulates Russian exports of grain – Factories open building an urban working class • Count Sergei Witte – Minister of finance – Enacted high tariffs – Improved banking systems – Encouraged western investments

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Protest and Revolution in Russia I. The Road to Revolution • Alexander II’s reform & economic change encouraged minority nationalities to make demands – Nationalism was divisive for minorities – Russian nationalists mainstreamed the superiority of Russian tradition

Protest and Revolution in Russia • Social protest over reforms, famines, redemption payments, and taxes • Intelligentsia (Russian intellectuals as a class) became active in arguing for liberal reforms – Wanted political freedom – Wanted to keep Russian culture different from the West • Some seen as radicals and many became anarchists

Protest and Revolution in Russia • Anarchists wanted to abolish all formal government – First large terrorist movement – Assassinations and bombings • Anarchists try to gain peasant support, but fail • Alexander II pulls back from reforms and tightens tsarist control – Censors newspapers and political meetings • Alexander II assassinated by terrorists in 1881

Protest and Revolution in Russia • By the 1890’s protest gained new force • Marxist Socialism spread • Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov aka Lenin – Argued that because of international capitalism that a proletariat was developing – Political revolution could occur without going through a distinct middle-class phase. – Bolsheviks Communists backed Lenin

Protest and Revolution in Russia II. The Revolution of 1905 • Expansion continues • New Slavic states form in the Balkans – Causes nationalism among Slavs • Serbia • Bulgaria • The trans-Siberian railroad allows Russia to push into Manchuria and obtain long-term leases to Chinese territory

Protest and Revolution in Russia • Russo-Japanese War 1904 -1905 – Caused by Russia’s overextension – Japan worried about Russia pushing farther into China near Korea – Japan wins and moves into Korea

Protest and Revolution in Russia • Russian Revolution breaks out in 1905 – Urban workers go on strike for political gains – Peasant insurrections – Agitated liberals • Police brutality infuriates crowds causing more problems • Duma – National parliament created by liberals – Stolypin reforms

Protest and Revolution in Russia • Tsar Nicholas II strips the duma of power and police repression resumes • Russian government focuses on the Ottoman Empire and being an ally to the Balkan states

Protest and Revolution in Russia III. Russia and Eastern Europe • Russian patterns were paralleled in smaller Eastern European countries • Most new nations established parliaments, but restricted their power • Some became monarchies • Serfdom is abolished

Protest and Revolution in Russia • Cultural productivity helps create a sense of Slavic & Russian heritage – Tchaikovsky – Chopin • Scientific gains – Gregor Mendel – Ivan Pavlov

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Western pressure forced Japan to consider reforms in the 1850’s • They combined existing strengths and conditions with significant reforms

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution I. The Final Decades of the Shogunate • Tokugawa Shogunate still in power – Allies with samurai and daiymos • Culture thrives under the Tokugawa • Terakoya schools – Teach Neo-Confuciansims • Dutch studies • Ban of western books ended in 1720

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Commerce expanded and monopolies form – Silk – Soy sauce • By the 1850’s economic growth slows – Technological limitations on agriculture expansion and population increase • Rural riots

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution II. The Challenge to Isolation • Commodore Matthew Perry – American who forces Japan to open ports for trade in 1853 • Shogunate Bureaucrats – Some reluctant to open doors to Westerners – Other want to end isolation

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • 1860’s Civil War breaks out • Samurai attack foreigners • Meiji restoration – Emperor Meutsuhito (Meiji)

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution III. Industrial & Political Change under the Meiji • Meiji government abolishes feudalism – Daimyos replaced with prefects in 1871 • The state centralized and expanded • Samurai sent abroad to study and promote change – Western Europe and US • 1868 -1873 Samurai class is abolished – Some find new roles – Iwasaki Yataro established the Mitsubishi Company

Emperor Meiji

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Political reconstruction in the 1880’s • British-style Parliament – House of Peers – upper house – Diet – lower house • Constitution of 1889 • Emperor command the military

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution IV. Japan’s Industrial Revolution • Westernization of: – Military – Banks – Railroads – Steam ships – Agricultural methods

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • New Economic structure depended on the removal of tariffs and guilds • Land reforms – Allows individuals to own land • Ministry of Industry created in 1870 – Set overall economic policy – Operated specific sectors of government – Establishes model factories, shipyards, and arsenals

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • By 1900 the Japanese economy was fully launched by industrial revolution – Private enterprise – Careful management of foreign advice – Dependent on exports to pay for needed imports

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • The Industrial Revolution, manufacturing, commercial agriculture, and political change had significant ramifications with Japanese Culture and Society – Massive pop. Growth – Reduction of death rates • Pop growth strained Japan’s resources • Ensured low-cost labor

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Japan’s government introduced a universal education system • Western fashions copied • Western standards of hygiene • Shintoism grew – few converted to Christianity – Buddhism loses ground • Traditional family life – Divorce introduced

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Economic changes – Change in foreign policies – Imperialism – Territorial expansion • Need raw materials • Sino-Japanese War • China vs Japan • Japan wins, but Western pressure forces them to withdraw from the Liaodong Peninsula

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution V. The Strain of Modernization • Disputes between young and old over Westernization • Political Parties clash – Diet dissolves • Nationalism & repression allow Japan to avoid Revolutionary pressure