RUSSIA AND JAPAN INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE OF THE WEST

RUSSIA AND JAPAN: INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE OF THE WEST 1850 – 1914

OVERVIEW Russia and Japan Ø Ø Japan and Russia Compared Ø Ø Managed to avoid Western dominance Industrialize to achieve economic autonomy. Proved to be the most flexible politically Strain of industrialization produced a series of revolutions in Russia As late industrializing nations Ø Ø There were substantial similarities between Russia and Japan. Both nations had prior experience with cultural imitation Ø Ø Japan from China Russia from Byzantium and the West. Both had achieved more effective central governments during the 17 th and 18 th centuries. As both countries industrialized, they came into conflict over territorial ambitions in Asia.

MAPPING RUSSIA

RUSSIA BEFORE REFORM Russian leaders in the 18 th and early 19 th centuries Ø Ø Isolate Russia from European revolution, Napoleon; completed shift to conservatism Tsar Alexander I sponsored Holy Alliance, linked conservative monarchies together 1825 and After Ø The Decembrist uprising Ø Tsar Nicholas I Ø Western-oriented military officers attempted a coup Defeated by Imperial forces and members hung Turned to repressive conservatism Official Nationality, Orthodoxy, Autocracy: Formal name to Nicholas’ policies The tsar suppressed Polish nationalism in 1831 Insisted on a traditional church and approach to politics especially autocracy Pressed southward against the Ottoman Empire. Russia supported nationalist movements in the Balkans as a means of weakening the Turks.

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL PROBLEMS • The reality of Russia’s position Economy remained primarily agrarian Fell behind the West in terms of production and trade To maintain the profitability of grain exports Ø Ø • Tighter labor obligations were imposed on the peasantry Tendency to export grain to raise money left many hungry The Crimean War, 1854 -1856 Demonstrated how far Russia had fallen behind the West British, French forces drove the Russians from the Crimea Loss convinced Tsar Alexander II that reform was needed

IMAGINING THE CRIMEAN WAR

EMANCIPATION OF RUSSIAN SERFS • The Peasant Problem In order to establish a more vigorous economy Some attempt had to be made to resolve the peasant crisis. Belief that a freer labor force could increase profitability. Series of minor peasant rebellions in 1850 s stimulated the movement for reform. Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861 • • • The freed serfs got most of the land Aristocracy retained political and economic power Serfs remained tied to their villages • • Until they could pay for the land they received. Redemption payments, taxes kept peasants in poverty The emancipation produced a larger urban labor force But failed to stimulate agricultural production Slow pace of change engendered social dissatisfaction Led to regional peasant uprisings, peasant distrust

RUSSIAN SERFDOM

REFORMS AND EARLY INDUSTRIALIZATION Alexander II carried out other reforms Ø Ø Zemstvo Stamp Industrialization and the State Ø Ø Issued new law codes, established regional councils (zemstvoes) for input on local decisions Began military reforms Russia lacked a substantial middle class: state handled capital formation, investment Russia created a substantial railroad network in the 1870 s Better transportation permitted more efficient use of Russia's abundant natural resources The railroad also facilitated shipment of grain to the West, which in turn helped finance industrialization. 1880 s – 1910 s and the Results of Industrialization Ø Ø Ø Ø Modern factories had begun to develop in major Russian cities Witte also encouraged Western investment in Russian industrialization. As a result, nearly one half of Russia's industrial businesses were foreign-owned. By 1900, Russia ranked fourth in steel production and second in petroleum production. Russian factories were typically enormous but technologically inferior. Agriculture also lagged behind Western standards of productivity. Military reforms did not substantially alter the concept of peasant conscripts serving aristocratic landlords. Russian industrialization produce a substantial middle class.

RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY Post-1855 Ø Ø Pan-Slavism and Slavophiles Ø Ø Ø Ideologies that portrayed Russia as leader of all Slavs Goal was to liberate all Slavs, unite them under Russian rule Sought to unite Slavs under Russian tsar, common state Alliance with France in 1894 and later with England Ø Ø Undo impact of Crimean War and conquer Ottoman Empire Obtain Constantinople as outlet to the Mediterranean Expand Russia’s influence in Asia Expand Russian influence amongst Balkan peoples Rise of Germany scared Russia who made common cause with France Similar fears eventually caused Russia and UK to bury differences Russo-Japanese War 1904 – 1905 Ø Ø Russian military expansion came to an end in 1904 Japan and Russia came into conflict over expansion in northern China. The Japanese quickly defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War Military defeat unleashed all of the dissenting forces in Russia.

RUSSIAN EXPANSION

ROAD TO REVOLUTION During, after the 1880 s, Russia became politically, socially unstable Ø Ø Ø Radical intelligentsia demanded revolution Ø Ø Ø Intellectual radicalism shaded off into terrorism and anarchism as a way to restructure society Initially, Russian radicals sought to spread their message among the peasants But they found the masses unreceptive Anarchists fell back on political assassination to unseat the government Alexander II was assassinated in 1881: his successors imposed repressive policies to dampen unrest. Russian Marxism Ø Ø Ø Recurrent famines produced peasant unrest. Intellectual protest began Business and professional people sought further liberal reforms In the 1890 s, intellectuals picked up Marxism from the West as a means of organizing the revolution. Lenin introduced innovations in Marxism to accommodate the reality of Russian society Lenin's organization called for small disciplined cells of Marxists to organize the revolution. Lenin's approach was accepted by the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Marxists. Radicalism spread rapidly among urban workers, who formed unions and engaged in strikes. The Russian Government Ø Ø Ø Faced with mass protests in cities and countryside state clamped down on reform Created a secret police to spy on, infiltrate radical organizations Began exiling malcontents to Siberia

RUSSIAN RADICALISM Lenin, Engels, Marx From Marxism to Bolshevism Bakunin: Anarchism From Narodniki to Nihilists Russian Social Revolutionaries (Agrarian Socialists)

THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM IN RUSSIA ACCORDING TO THE MARXISTS q. The Tsar, Nobles q. The Church q. The Military and Police q. The Rich Bourgeoisie q. The Peasants, Workers

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905 The Russian Revolution of 1905 Ø Ø Ø After repression failed, tsar's government offered reforms. Ø Ø Ø Duma (national parliament) created; multi-party system legalized Constitution rewritten Minister Stolypin Enacts Reforms Ø Ø Began when soldiers mistakenly opened fire on pro-tsarist demonstration Soldiers, sailors mutinied at end of Russo-Japanese War Urban workers produced widespread strikes Peasants revolts erupted across Russia. Offered lighter burdens to the peasantry Offered peasants a place in village councils Peasant rebellions did die out Some peasants began to accumulate substantial land The reforms were rapidly undone. Ø Ø Ø Tsar Nicholas II withdrew concessions to workers New rounds of strikes followed Duma rapidly became a political nonentity.

JAPAN: CHANGE WITHOUT REVOLUTION Ø The Late Tokugawa Shogunate Utilitzed a central bureaucracy Combined with alliances to feudal magnates Government was chronically short of funds Ø Ø Ø Due to limited income from taxes Also due to high payments made to feudal lords for their loyalty Shortages of income led to reform movements This weakened shogunate and made it vulnerable to external threats Government and Society The national school emphasized essentially Japanese culture Dutch Studies school represented attempts to learn Western science, technology The Japanese economy expanded on the basis of commercial growth Manufacturing began to extend into countryside producing some rural protests

CHALLENGE TO ISOLATION • 1853 • 1856 • Japan was forced to receive Western consuls Forced to open ports to foreign trade. Shogun faced immediate opposition • American commodore Matthew Perry arrived Demanded that Japan be opened to trade Daimyos insisted on maintaining isolation Shogun and the daimyos both made appeals to the emperor Emperor began to emerge as a more powerful figure. Meiji Restoration In 1860 s samurai armed with Western weapons defeated shogun's army In 1868, certain samurai restored imperial rule under Meiji Emperor

IMAGINING OPENING JAPAN

MEIJI STATE • The Meiji government abolished feudalism Government samurai abroad to study political, economic organization Foreign observations were used to restructure the state Conscription provided a new army • 1884 • Civil-service examinations were utilized to open the bureaucracy to men of talent. • 1889 constitution Recognized the supremacy of the emperor Voting rights were determined by property qualifications Five percent of the population to cast ballots The form of government gave great authority to wealthy businessmen and nobles Political parties developed A small oligarchy continued to dominate the government into the 20 th century Inclusion of businessmen among political elite was major difference from Russian model of reform

JAPAN’S INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The influence of the army and navy Ø Ø Modernization necessary for military reasons Foundations for industrialization Ø An internal infrastructure was created Government Involvement Ø Ø Ø Became very influential in society Many reforms were enacted to modernize the armed forces Lack of capital dictated direct government involvement in the stages of industrialization. Japan established the Ministry of Industry in 1870 to oversee economic development The government built model factories to provide experience with new technology Education was extended as a means of developing a work force Private enterprise soon joined government initiatives, particularly in textiles Results Ø Ø Japan's careful management of industrialization limited foreign involvement. Japan continued to depend on the importation of equipment and raw materials from the West. Rapid growth depended on existence of cheap supply of labor often drawn from poorly paid women. More than Russia, Japan's industrialization depended on selling manufactured goods abroad.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • Social change led to rapid population growth • • The education system stressed science and loyalty to the emperor Westernization? • Strained Japanese resources But provided a ready supply of cheap labor. Divorce rates indicated increasing instability within family life. Western culture arrived along with models of state and industrialization. Foreign Policy Japan entered the race for colonial domination. • • The need to employ the new army Search for raw materials Efforts to prevent Western encroachment All contributed to Japanese imperialism after 1890 Japan annexed the Ryuku Islands Japan won easy victories over China in 1895 and over Russia in 1904. The victories yielded Japan some territories in northern China In 1910, Japan annexed Korea

STATISTICS OF CHANGE COAL PRODUCTION IN JAPAN IN VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1875 TO 1913 RAILROAD MILEAGE IN JAPAN IN VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1873 TO 1913 RAW SILK PRODUCTION AND EXPORT FROM JAPAN 1868 TO 1913 Production annual average (tons) Exports annual average (tons) 1868 -1872 1026 646 1883 1687 1347 Period Year Track (miles) 1872 18 1883 240 1887 640 1894 2100 1904 4700 1914 7100 Year Coal Production (metric tons) 1875 600, 000 1885 1, 200, 000 1895 5, 000 1905 13, 000 1913 21, 300, 000 THE SIZE OF THE JAPANESE MERCHANT FLEET IN VARIOUS YEARS FROM 1873 TO 1913 Year Number of Steamships 1873 26 1889 -1893 4098 2444 1894 169 1899 -1903 7103 4098 1904 797 1909 -1913 12460 9462 1913 1514

IMAGES OF JAPANESE INDUSTRIALIZATION, WESTERNIZATION

STRAINS OF MODERNIZATION • Industrialization and successful imperialism had costs • • Industrialization upended older traditions, social classes Imperialism demanded a strong industrial base • • • War industries tie up money in producing goods which have no benefit Money spent on war could be invested elsewhere Japan made the decision to be a great power and that meant arming Unions, strikes arose in Japan and labor politics became part of industry Rise of Nationalism Conservatives appalled at trend to imitate the West. Intellectuals bemoaned loss of an authentic Japanese identity Both saw a Japan that was neither traditional nor Western. Leaders urged loyalty to the emperor and the nation. Nationalism became a strong force in Japanese politics.

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

COMPARING CHINA AND JAPAN Comparisons in 1800 Ø Similarities in 1800 Ø Differences Both had a Confucian culture, adopted a policy of relative isolation from contacts Both lagged behind west scientifically, industrially; forcibly opened by the West about the same time China surpassed Japan in development Chinese Confucian leadership was stronger, more developed; government was secular, bureaucratic Chinese centralized government had no feudal lords to impeded or distract it China had a rich tradition of innovation and scientific discoveries Differences Determined Outcome of Contact Ø So why did Japan succeed? Ø China lacked flexibility: tried to squash or control innovation Japan knew benefits of innovation; had a strong autonomous mercantile tradition Japan’s feudalism produced a dedicated militaristic elite, limited centralization China hampered by rapid population growth which consumed energy, resources Japan was island nation open to maritime contacts, influences: learned from Chinese mistakes Japanese government suffered no breakdown of authority even during Meiji Restoration Or Did China fail? Chinese government less efficient, less popular as dynasty was in decline; intellectual life stifled West fixated on China first as it was a greater prize Western contacts only worsened internal situation and made reform, control difficult Sino-Japanese War 1894 – 1895 proved Japan learned its lessons from the West

Russia's already established role in the world expanded in the 19 th century, as its cultural, diplomatic, and military power came to be felt in Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and Asia. Japan's role was newer, as it emerged from isolation to develop an increasingly powerful economy and to expand its influence in the western Pacific. Some nations in the West feared the yellow peril represented by Japan's emergence as an international power. The addition of Russia, Japan, and the United States to the world diplomatic picture increased competition. Colonial acquisitions by the new powers heightened the competitive atmosphere, particularly in the Far East.

IDENTIFICATIONS HOLY ALLIANCE DECEMBRIST UPRISINGS CRIMEAN WAR EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS ZEMSTVOES TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILROAD INTELLIGENTSIA ANARCHISTS BOLSHEVIKS RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR DUMA STOLYPIN REFORMS KULAKS TERAKOYA DUTCH STUDIES ZAIBATSU DIET SINO-JAPANESE WAR YELLOW PERIL

WHO AM I? NICHOLAS I ALEXANDER II SERGEI WITTE V. I. LENIN MATTHEW PERRY MEIJI EMPEROR