Reported Speech Direct and Indirect Reported Speech Learning

Reported Speech Direct and Indirect

Reported Speech: Learning Goals In this chapter you will use reported speech to practice: • • Punctuation Capital letters Strong verbs Verb tenses Pronoun-antecedent shifts Relationships to reality Attention to detail and meaning

Reported Speech Direct Indirect • Reports the speaker’s words exactly. Quotation marks show the reader that these are the exact words spoken. • Reports the meaning of the speaker’s words, but the exact words are not necessarily repeated.

Direct Reported Speech • For example …. I’m going home. • We use direct reported speech to make a sentence that tells our listener exactly what Bob said. • The sentence looks like this: • Bob said, “I’m going home. ” Notice that Bob’s words are exactly the same! ‘Exactly’ does not mean ‘pretty close’ or ‘almost the same’! It means every word is repeated exactly as the speaker said it!

Direct Reported Speech • Or … Go home! • “Go home!” Kyle yelled.

Direct Reported Speech • Or … Are you going home? • Sue asked, “Are you going home? ”

Indirect Reported Speech • For example …. I’m going home. • We use indirect reported speech to make a sentence that tells our listener what Bob said, but we don’t repeat every word exactly. • Indirect reported speech looks like this: • Bob said that he was going home. Notice, for example: • We added ‘that’ • We changed ‘I’ to ‘he’ • We changed the verb tense

Indirect Reported Speech Go home! • Kyle told us to go home. Notice, for example: • There is no ‘that’ • We added the object ‘us’ • Really, we the implied subject ‘you’ in the original is changed. • We changed the verb form from the bare infinitive to the to-infinitive

Indirect Reported Speech Are you going home? • Sue asked if he was going home. Notice, for example: • We added ‘if’ • We changed ‘you’ to ‘he’ • We changed the verb tense • We changed the word order

Reported Speech: Comparisons Bob: I’m going home. Direct Indirect Bob said, “I’m going home. ” Bob said that he was going home. Kyle: Study hard! Direct Indirect Kyle yelled, “Go home!” Kyle told us to go home. Sue: Where are you going? Direct Indirect Sue asked, “Are you going home? ” Sue asked if he was going home.

Discussion • See page 63 for instructions

Common Mistake ‘Talk’ and ‘speak’ are not reporting verbs! Therefore, we DO NOT USE THEM when we are reporting speech. See page 68 for examples

Reporting Verbs: Common Mistake Speak and talk with ‘to’ and ‘with’ • ‘speak / talk to’ and ‘speak / talk with’ usually mean ‘to have a conversation’ I was speaking to John on the phone. She enjoyed talking with her mother last night. There is no reported speech in these sentences!

Reporting Verbs: Common Mistake Speak and talk with ‘about’ • ‘speak / talk about’ can also mean ‘the subject of a conversation’ • ‘speak / talk about’ usually means ‘describing or explaining • What to didayou and or your boyfriend talk about? something person group’, as in ‘giving a speech’ • We talked about getting married. The professor spoke about his time in France. My mother talked to me about my allowance. There is no reported speech in these sentences! Now it’s time to practice! See p. 81 for verb tenses and pp. 82~83 for practice exercises.

Reporting Verbs: Common Mistake Always remember that ‘speak’ and ‘talk’ are not reporting verbs, and they are never used in reported speech! He talked that he was going to be late. He said that he was going to be late.

Reporting Verbs: Common Mistake Always remember that ‘speak’ and ‘talk’ are not reporting verbs, and they are never used in reported speech! She spoke that she liked chocolate. She said that she liked chocolate.

Examples of reported speech Lt. Gen. Jeffrey Buchanan, who is leading the United States military effort in Puerto Rico, said that conditions were only somewhat improved since he arrived two weeks ago. “It’s still complete devastation across the island, ” he said. “It’s going to take a long time to fix. ” Responding to Mr. Trump’s tweets this morning that the military could not stay in Puerto Rico forever, he said, “That’s true. We don’t do recovery, we do emergency response. ”

Indirect speech Examples of reported Subject Reporting Verb Lt. Gen. Jeffrey Buchanan, who is leading the United States military effort in Puerto Rico, said / that conditions were only somewhat improved since he arrived two weeks ago. “It’s still complete devastation across the island, ” he said. “It’s going to take a long time to fix. ” That clause This just the new clause Responding toshows Mr. where Trump’s tweets this morning starts. Don’t write it! that the military could not stay in Puerto Rico forever, he said, “That’s true. We don’t do recovery, we do emergency response. ”

Direct speech Examples of reported Lt. Gen. Jeffrey Buchanan, who is leading the United States military effort in Puerto Rico, Subject said that conditions were only somewhat improved since he arrived two weeks ago. “It’s still complete devastation across the island, ”/ he said. “It’s going to take a long time to fix. ” Reporting Verb Responding to Mr. Trump’s tweets this morning that the military could not stay in Puerto Rico forever, he said, “That’s true. We don’t do recovery, we do emergency response. ”

Direct speech Examples of reported Lt. Gen. Jeffrey Buchanan, who is leading the United States military effort in Puerto Rico, said that conditions were only somewhat improved since he Reportingtwo Verb weeks ago. “It’s still complete arrived devastation across the island, ” he said. “It’s going to Subject take a long time to fix. ” Responding to Mr. Trump’s tweets this morning that the military could not stay in Puerto Rico forever, he said, / “That’s true. We don’t do recovery, we do emergency response. ”

Direct Reported Speech Correct punctuation and capitalization are very important in sentences containing direct reported speech! I’m hungry. So am I. Tim said, “I’m hungry. ” “So am I, ” James said.

Direct Reported Speech So am I. I’m tired, and I want Let’s go. to go home. “I’m tired, ” Dana said, “and I want to go “So am I, ” Janehome. ” replied. “Let’s go. ”

Direct Reported Speech So am I. Let’s go. Or: “So am I. Let’s go, ” Dana said, “So am I. Let’s go. ”

Direct Reported Speech Reporting Verbs: Position related to the subject. After the reported clause “…, ” John said. Correct “…, ” said John. Correct “…, ” he said. Correct “…, ” said he. Incorrect in modern, academic English Before the reported clause John said, “…. ” Correct Said John, “…. ” Correct (but not very common) He said, “…. ” Correct Said he, “…. ” Incorrect in modern, academic English Rule: It is usually possible to put the reporting verb either before or after the subject, but when a pronoun is used as the subject the reporting verb is always after the subject.

Example Answers to practice exercise on p. 72 1. Susanna: My homework is difficult. Susanna said, “My homework is difficult. ” “My homework is difficult, ” Susanna said. “My homework is difficult, ” said Susanna.

Example Answers to practice exercise on p. 72 2. Paula: Are you hungry? Paula asked, “Are you hungry? ” Paula asked. “Are you hungry? ” asked Paula.

3. The president: The economy is getting better every day. The president said, “The economy is getting better every day. ” “The economy is getting better every day, ” the president said. “The economy is getting better every day, ” said the president.

4. My professor: Your grades will be posted soon. My professor said, “Your grades will be posted soon. ” “Your grades will be posted soon, ” my professor said. “Your grades will be posted soon, ” said my professor.

5. Tim: Trust me. Tim said, “Trust me. ” “Trust me, ” Tim said. “Trust me, ” said Tim.

6. The waiter: Would you like some coffee? The waiter asked, “Would you like some coffee? ” the waiter asked. “Would you like some coffee? ” asked the waiter.

7. The weatherman: A typhoon is coming! The weatherman said, “A typhoon is coming!” the weatherman said. “A typhoon is coming!” said the weatherman.

8. The philosopher: The unexamined life is not worth living. The philosopher said, “The unexamined life is not worth living. ” “The unexamined life is not worth living, ” the philosopher said. “The unexamined life is not worth living, ” said the philosopher.

9. My mother: Sit down and eat your dinner. My mother said, “Sit down and eat your dinner. ” “Sit down and eat your dinner, ” my mother said. “Sit down and eat your dinner, ” said my mother.

10. Bob’s wife: What did my husband tell you? Bob’s wife asked, “What did my husband tell you? ” Bob’s wife asked. “What did my husband tell you? ” asked Bob’s wife.

Exercise Example: It’s getting colder these days Tim said. “It’s getting colder these days, ” Tim said. 1. Hello said Greg “Hello, ” said Greg. 2. You look tired said Martin “You look tired, ” said Martin. 3. Can I come in asked the man “Can I come in? ” asked the man. 4. No screamed the man “No!” screamed the man.

Exercise 5. Come here said Grandma I want to see how much you have grown “Come here, ” said Grandma. “I want to see how much you have grown. ” 6. Is that my bag asked Daniel I thought I’d lost it “Is that my bag? ” asked Daniel. “I thought I’d lost it. ” 7. Run shouted Sally The dog is after us “Run!” shouted Sally. “The dog is after us!” 8. I know what I want for my birthday said Tina A brand new car “I know what I want for my birthday, ” said Tina. “A brand new car. ”

Discussion: How many other words can you think of that you could use instead of the word said. Write down at least eight other words for said. add admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny doubt estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat reply report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn ask know Remember say see decide expect guarantee hope promise swear threaten See this site for more! http: //www. ef. edu/english-resources/englishgrammar/reporting-verbs/

Indirect Reported Speech Indirect reported speech can be a little bit more difficult because now you have to know what kind of speech is being reported. Are you reporting… A statement? “I’m going home. ” An order? “Go home!” A question? “Are you going home? The grammar of the reported clause is different for each one!

Indirect Reported Speech Reporting Statements The first thing to remember is that sentences reporting indirect speech have two clauses: The reporting clause: Ø expresses who spoke (usually with a name or pronoun) Ø contains the reporting verb (most often ‘say’ or ‘tell’) The reported clause Ø is most often expressed as a ‘that’ clause (statements only!) Ø expresses what the speaker from the reporting clause said

Indirect Speech: Reporting Statements Example I want to see a movie. Reporting Clause Richard said Lisa replied I’m too busy. Reported Clause that he wanted to see a movie. that she was too busy.

Indirect Speech: Reporting Statements Reporting Clause Richard said Lisa replied Reported Clause that he wanted to see a movie. that she was too busy. Notice the changes: • ‘I’ in the original speech becomes ‘he’ or ‘she’ in the reported clause. q Be careful when changing these. Make sure that the reader can easily identify who the pronouns refer to. • The verb tenses have changed. This is very important! q The writer is reporting now the words that Richard and Lisa have already spoken. The actual speech occurred in the past.

Reporting Statements: Strong Verbs IN CONVERSATION, ‘SAY’ AND ‘TELL’ ARE BY FAR THE MOST COMMON REPORTING VERBS; OTHERS USUALLY SOUND AWKWARD. In writing, however, it is often helpful to express the way in which something is said. Remember that you should try to give your reader as much information as possible. Using reporting verbs creatively can help the reader understand not just what the person said, but how they said it. r te ut mu m murmur shout scream w h i s k p e e i r r l h l s e y e l b m

Reporting Statements: Strong Verbs My computer is too slow! said that his computer was too slow. Paul shouted Or: screamed, yelled, hollered, bellowed, etc. Ø There are more strong verb examples in the textbook.

Discussion Use your dictionaries to discuss the differences in meaning among these sets of words (the example sentences might help): 1. answer – explain 2. imply – hint – warn 3. admit – confess

Reporting Statements: Verb Tenses Check your tenses carefully! I don’t like coffee. Ella complained that she didn’t like coffee.

Reporting Statements: Verb Tenses More examples: Judy: My coffee is cold. Judy complained / that her coffee was cold. Robert: I need to study for my exam. Robert mentioned / that he needed to study for his exam. Stanley: My girlfriend wants a diamond ring. Stanley lamented / that his girlfriend wanted a diamond ring.

Be careful: Remember to look very closely at the verb/s in the original speech (which will become the reported clause). What is the tense, aspect, and mood of the verb/s? We already know the mood is indicative (because this section is about reporting statements, right? )

Simple Present Carol: I work in the garden. Tense: present Aspect: simple worked Carol said / that she ______ in the garden. Tense: past Aspect: simple

Present Continuous Carol: I am working in the garden. Tense: present Aspect: continuous was working in the garden. Carol said / that she ______ Tense: past Aspect: continuous

Simple Past Carol: I worked in the garden. Tense: past Aspect: simple had worked in the garden. Carol said / that she ______ Tense: past Aspect: perfect (simple)

Present Perfect Carol: I have worked in the garden. Tense: present Aspect: perfect (simple) had worked in the garden. Carol said / that she ______ Tense: past Aspect: perfect (simple) Again!

Past Perfect Carol: I had worked in the garden. Tense: past Aspect: perfect (simple) had worked in the garden. Carol said / that she ______ Tense: past Aspect: perfect (simple) Again!

Past Continuous Carol: I was working in the garden. Tense: past Aspect: continuous had been working in the garden. Carol said / that she ______ Tense: past Aspect: perfect (continuous)

Present Perfect Continuous Carol: I have been working in the garden. Tense: present Aspect: perfect (continuous) had been working in the garden. Carol said / that she ______ Tense: past Aspect: perfect (continuous) Again!

Past Perfect Continuous Carol: I had been working in the garden. Tense: past Aspect: perfect (continuous) had been working in the garden. Carol said / that she ______ Tense: past Aspect: perfect (continuous) Again!

Future Carol: I will work in the garden. would work in the garden. Carol said / that she ______

Future Continuous Carol: I will be working in the garden. would be working in the garden. Carol said / that she ______

Future: BE going to Carol: I am going to work in the garden. was going to work in the garden. Carol said / that she ______

Reporting Statements: Back Shifting The process of changing verb tenses in reported speech is called ‘backshifting’ The basic rules for backshifting when transforming direct speech into reported speech are: Direct Speech Simple Present Progressive Simple Past Present Perfect Past Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Simple Future (will) Future Progressive (will be ___ ing) Future (BE going to) Reported Speech Simple Past Progressive Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Progressive would be ___ ing was / were going to

Reporting Statements: Back Shifting Examples: (photocopied page has more information) From To Peter: "I work in the garden. " Peter said that he worked in the garden. Peter: "I'm working in the garden. " Peter said that he was working in the garden. Peter: "I worked in the garden. " Peter: "I have worked in the garden. " Peter said that he had worked in the garden. Peter: "I had worked in the garden. " Peter: "I was working in the garden. " Peter: "I have been working in the garden. " Peter said that he had been working in the garden. Peter: "I had been working in the garden. " Peter: "I will work in the garden. " Peter said that he would work in the garden. Peter: “I will be working in the garden. ” Peter said that he would be working in the garden. Peter: “I am going to work in the garden. ” Peter said that he was going to work in the garden. Future using other modals: Peter: "I can work in the garden. " Peter said that he could work in the garden. Peter: "I may work in the garden. " Peter said that he might work in the garden. etc.

Reporting Statements: Back Shifting If the sentence contains an expression of time, you probably have to change it as well. Peter: I worked in the garden yesterday. Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before. Shifting expressions of time: this (morning/afternoon/evening) today these (days) now ago last weekend here next (week/weekend) tomorrow ago now that day those then / at that time before the weekend before / the previous weekend there the following (week/weekend) the next/following day before then

Referring to Things Peter: I bought this pen this morning. Peter said that he had bought that pen that morning. Louise: This coffee is cold. Louise complained that coffee was cold. Introduces the clause Back-shifted ‘this’

Back-shifting Practice 1. Billy said that he liked kimchi. • Billy said, “I like kimchi. ” 2. Susan declared that she was going home. • Susan declared, “I am going home. ” 3. Jody mentioned that she had lost her wallet. • Jody mentioned, “I lost my wallet. ” • Jody mentioned, “I have lost my wallet. ” • Jody mentioned, “I had lost my wallet. ”

4. Bobby claimed that he had been sleeping. • Bobby claimed, “I was sleeping. ” • Bobby claimed, “I have been sleeping. ” • Bobby claimed, “I had been sleeping. ” 5. Sherry told me that she would meet me soon. • Sherry told me, “I will meet you soon. ” 6. Tracy informed her mother that she would be studying. • Tracy informed her mother, “I will be studying. ”

7. Paul guessed that he would have to save a lot of money. • Paul guessed, “I will have to save a lot of money. ” 8. Wendy told me that she could lend me some money. • Wendy told me, “I can lend you some money. ” 9. Gabriella explained that she had been busy that morning. • Gabriella explained, “I was busy this morning. ” • Gabriella explained, “I have been busy this morning. ” • Gabriella explained, “I had been busy that morning. ” In the first two, either ‘this’ or ‘that’ would be possible, but in the third example, only ‘that’ seems like a probable choice.

10. Mr. Smith confessed that car had been stolen the day before. • Mr. Smith confessed, “This car was stolen yesterday. ” 11. She said that she would meet me there the following Saturday. • She said, “I will meet you here next Saturday. ” “There” is also possible. Can you explain why?

1. Susan’s dad told her, “You have to call me by eleven o’clock tonight. ” • Susan’s dad told her that she had to call him by eleven o’clock that night. 2. Edgar said, “The plot of this movie is just like my life!” • Edgar said that the plot of that movie was just like his life. 3. Cheryl told her friend Tom, “Your mother is sick and she wants to see you. ” • Cheryl told her friend Tom that his mother was sick and she wanted to see him.

4. Wendy told her brother, “You should go with me to see our parents’ new house. ” • Wendy told her brother that he should go with her to see their parents’ new house. 5. “This is the last time I’m going to warn you!” the police officer said. • The police officer said that was the last time she was going to warn him. 6. “I’m tired, ” Ellen yawned, “so I’m going home. ” • Ellen yawned that she was tired, so she was going home.

Reporting Verbs: Things to remember Some reporting verbs always require an object : ØDon’t worry about the grammar terms (direct/indirect/etc) The object of the verb is the listener ØIt is the person to whom the speech was directed. ‘tell’ is the most common verb of this type. The teacher told that the exam would be hard. The teacher told to us that the exam would be hard. The teacher told me that the exam would be hard. The teacher told the students that the exam would be hard. The teacher told Karen that the exam would be hard.

Reporting Verbs: Things to remember Other verbs that always require the listener: assure convince inform notify persuade remind She informed that the movie started at 8 o’clock. She informed me that the movie started at 8 o’clock. I assured that the exam would be easy. I assured my students that the exam would be easy. My professor convinced that she was wrong. My professor convinced her that she was wrong.

Note: • Remember, we’re talking about using these verbs to report speech … • So, when I say ‘always require …’ I mean in the context of reported speech … • But these verbs may have other uses/meanings. Example: The old man told of his experiences in the war.

Reporting Verbs: Things to remember Some reporting verbs can be used either with an object or without: • say • admit • announce • complain • confess • explain • hint • mention • suggest With these verbs, if the hearer is mentioned, the preposition ‘to’ must be added before the listener Tim told that his pizza was cold. Tim told to the waiter that his pizza was cold. Tim told the waiter that his pizza was cold. Tim complained to the waiter that his pizza was cold. Tim complained the waiter that his pizza was cold.

Reporting Questions The most common reporting verb used to report a question is ‘ask. ’ Note: Sentences reporting questions do not use ‘that clauses’! Ø Yes/no questions: o‘if’ clause ØChoice questions: Julie: Is it raining? o ‘whether’ clause Julie asked if it was raining. Notice that these reports may include the listener or not, but we do not use ‘to’ after ask in reported speech; ask+to has a different meaning. Bob: Are you studying? Bob asked if I was studying. John: Do you want coffee or tea? John asked me whether I wanted coffee or tea. Dale: Do you want to watch Fletch or Star Wars? Dale asked whether I wanted to watch Fletch or Star Wars.

Reporting Questions If the question contains a question word (who, what, where, when, why, how), the reported clause should contain the same word. Paula: Where are you going? Paula asked me where I was going. Dave: What are you doing? Dave asked Paula what she was doing. Notice the word order and punctuation!

Reporting Questions Punctuation: • The reporting sentence does not end with a question mark because the writer is making a statement that reports the question; • the sentence itself is not a question. Paula asked me where I was going? Word order: • The word order is the same as a statement Paula asked me where was I going. Paula asked me where I was going.

Reporting Questions Review: Different question types: As we have seen, there are three basic types of questions in English (not including questions expressed using negative constructions). 1. Yes/No questions These are reported by making a statement using an ‘if’ clause • Beginning with BE o Is your room comfortable? o Are you going to class today? o I asked if her room was comfortable. o The professor asked if I was going to class that day. Check your word order. The report is a statement, not a question!

Reporting Questions 1. Yes/No questions (continued): • Beginning with the auxiliary DO/DOES/DID o Does your dog know any tricks? o Do you have any questions? DO/DOES is not o The woman asked if my dog knew any tricks. included in the o His boss asked him if he had any questions. report! • And notice the word order! Can begin with other auxiliary verbs o Can you help me? o Have you finished your homework? o I asked if she could help me. o Dad asked my brother if he had finished his homework. Notice that we backshift the auxiliary, not the main verb!

A Quick Note About DID The teacher asked, “Do you know the answer? ” The teacher asked if she knew the answer. This is correct, but it can become confusing because we are not back-shifting the tense of know to knew. We are actually backshifting the tense of the auxiliary verb do, but because do is not used in the report we don’t see it.

A Quick Note About DID It’s easier to see like this: The teacher asked, “Did you know the answer? ” The teacher asked if she knew the answer. The teacher asked if she had known the answer. The auxiliary ‘carries’ the tense! We’re not backshifting the word itself, we’re back-shifting the tense/aspect of the original speech.

Reporting Questions 2. Choice questions: • Beginning with BE o Is your cat black or brown? o Are your shoes clean or dirty? o o • The vet asked whether my cat was black or brown. My mom asked whether my shoes were clean or dirty. Beginning with DO Again, DO/DOES is Again, notice the o Do you want fish or chicken for dinner? not included in word order! o Does she study English or French? the report! o The flight attendant asked whether he wanted fish or chicken for dinner. o I asked whether she studied English or French.

Reporting Questions 2. Choice questions (continued): • Beginning with other auxiliary verbs o Will we meet John or Mark at the office? o Can I have a Coke or a Pepsi? o Samsung’s CEO asked his assistant whether they would meet John or Mark at the office. Notice that we backshift the o I asked whether I could have a Coke or a Pepsi. auxiliary, not the main verb!

Reporting Questions • 3. Wh- Questions: Beginning with a Wh- word o Where do you live? (with auxiliary DO) o When will I see you? (with modal auxiliary) o What can I do about it? Tim asked me where I lived. No ‘do’ in this one. Bob asked when he would see me. ‘Do’ is included here She asked him what she could do about it. because it is not being used as an auxiliary. Be careful when you see a wh-word and BE o What are you doing? o Where is she going? o Why are they running away? o o o • o o o The police officer asked me what I was doing. Bob asked where she was going Philip asked why they were running away.

Reporting Imperatives (orders) The most common reporting verbs used to report imperatives are ‘tell’ and ‘order’. ‘Instruct, ’ ‘command, ’ may also be used. To report instructions or advice, ‘advise, ’ ‘encourage, ’ ‘remind, ’ and ‘warn’ are common reporting verbs. In reported speech, almost all of these verbs are transitive (they require the direct object – the hearer). Go home! Peter told me to go home. Did you notice the verb form?

Reporting Imperatives Grammar Subject + Reporting Verb + Direct Object + Infinitive Verb Form Harry: Go home! Harry told me to go home. Harry ordered me to go home. Tim: Do your homework! Tim instructed us to do our homework. Tim advised us to do our homework. Tim reminded us to do our homework.

Review: pp 105 -106 COMPARE THE FOLLOWING GROUPS OF SENTENCES. ONLY ONE SENTENCE IN EACH GROUP IS CORRECT. UNDERLINE THE CORRECT SENTENCE IN EACH GROUP: 1. a) Charley said, “Let’s go home” b) Charley said, “let’s go home. ” c) Charley said “Let’s go home. ” d) Charley said, “Let’s go home. ” 2. a) “Let’s go home, ” Charley spoke. b) “Let’s go home, ” Charley suggested me. c) “Let’s go home, ” Charley said. d) “Let’s go home, ” Charley talked.

Review: pp 105 -106 3. a) b) c) d) Jody told to clean my room. Jody told me to clean my room. Jody ordered me clean my room. Jody instructed to clean my room. 4. a) b) c) d) Derek asked where was I going. Derek asked where I was going? Derek asked, where I was going. Derek asked where I was going. 5. a) b) c) d) This is not wrong. It is just very, very rare, especially in academic writing. “I’m hungry, ” said he. “I’m hungry!” he yelled. He talked that he was hungry. “I’m hungry!” he ordered.

1. Bob: “Go home. ” i. Bob told me, “Go home. ” ii. Bob told me to go home. iii. Bob ordered me to go home. I think most of the verbs we studied could work here because the reported clause is very general. 2. Sheila: “This homework is hard. ” i. Sheila moaned, “This homework is hard. ” ii. Sheila complained that homework was hard. iii. Sheila grumbled to her classmate that homework was hard. 3. Paula: “Where are you going? ” i. “Where are you going? ” Paula wondered. ii. Paula asked where I was going. iii. Paula asked her sister where she was going.

4. Edward: “I don’t like onions. ” i. Edward muttered to the chef, “I don’t like onions. ” ii. Edward complained that he didn’t like onions. iii. Edward mentioned to the waiter that he didn’t like onions. 5. Tim: “Eat the food!” i. “Eat the food!” Tim said angrily. ii. Tim begged his daughter to eat the food. iii. Tim entreated the party guests to eat the food. 6. i. iii. Lisa: “Why are you limping? ” Lisa wondered. Lisa asked why I was limping. Lisa inquired why her friend was limping.

Reported Speech in Paragraphs Imagine that you heard the following conversation at the table next to you in a coffee shop. Man: Have you heard the good news? Woman: No. What is it? Man: The price of one of our stocks is going to go up soon! Woman: Really? Which one? Man: Tech-com. It’s going to double in price by the end of the week! Woman: That’s great! Should we buy more before it doubles? Man: Definitely! We’ll be rich!

Reported Speech in Paragraphs A paragraph about overhearing this conversation might look something like this: Yesterday, I was sitting alone at my favorite coffee shop when I heard a couple at the next table talking about investing money. The man asked the woman if she had heard the good news. She said, “No, ” and asked what it was. “The price of one of our stocks is going to go up soon!” he grinned. She asked excitedly, “Which one? ” He told her that the stock was called ‘Tech-com’ and that it was going to double in price by the end of the week. She wondered if they should buy more before it doubled, and he exclaimed, “Definitely! We’ll be rich!” As soon as I heard him say that, I decided to buy as much Tech-com stock as I could afford.

Reported Speech in Paragraphs NOTICE ESPECIALLY: • THE PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE; WHAT DOES THE TOPIC SENTENCE DO? WHAT ABOUT THE CONCLUSION SENTENCE? • THERE IS NO ‘ME’. NO ONE IS TALKING TO THE REPORTER!

The Writing Process: Review • PLANNING YOUR PARAGRAPH – Choose your audience – Who do you think will be interested in your paragraph? – What can you tell them specifically? • Topic and context – What is the conversation about? When did you hear it? Where did you hear it? Who was talking? What was interesting about the conversation? (Why are you reporting it /? ) • Purpose – Why are you reporting this conversation? – Why would your reader be interested in this conversation? • Brainstorming / note-taking / pre-writing

The Writing Process: Review • Grouping – Make a detailed outline – Put the details that you will use in your paragraph together and omit the useless details. Make sure that you have enough reported speech to make a good paragraph, but not too much (try around 6 or 7 sentences). • First draft / practice writing – Start with the topic sentence – this is practice only, and you may have to change it. Write one now, so that you are clear about your audience, topic, and purpose. – Write a conclusion sentence. This is to make sure that you know if it is possible to move logically from the topic sentence to the conclusion. – Finally, follow your detailed outline and write a first draft of the body of the paragraph. • Proofreading and editing – Fix your mistakes. Read it carefully (many times if you have to) and make sure that your give the reader the best paragraph you can, not just the quickest, easiest paragraph to write.

Test Advice • For each question, you will have at least two lines to write on. • You do not have to write two answers. • I am giving you two lines in case you need them. 1. Tim said, “Be careful when you write your answers on the test. ” Tim reminded the class to be careful when they wrote their answers on the test.

Test Advice • There may be questions where you have to write more than one answer. – Read the instructions carefully and look for the roman numerals to guide you. 1. Report the following three different ways: Tim said, “Be careful when you write your answers on the test. ” i. Tim reminded the class to be careful when they wrote their answers on the test. ii. Tim warned us to be careful when we wrote our answers on the test. iii. Tim instructed the English Composition 02 classes to be careful when they wrote their answers on the test.

Test Advice • New lines begin at the left margin: – Do not squeeze in a word or two at the right margin. 1. Tim said, “Be careful when you write your answers on the test. ” Tim reminded the class to be careful when they wrote their answers on the test.

Test Advice • Do not write beyond the lines. – The lines and margins are there for a reason. 1. Tim said, “Be careful when you write your answers on the test. ” Tim reminded the class to be careful when they wrote their answers on the test.

Test Advice • All sentences in English must end with end-sentence punctuation (. ! ? ). – Even single sentences on homework pages and on tests. – Make sure your punctuation is clear; if I can’t see it, or if I’m not sure, I can’t mark it. 1. Tim said, “Be careful when you write your answers on the test. ” Tim reminded the class to be careful when they wrote their answers on the test.

Test Advice • Use the lines properly – Your words should be on top; the lines should not go through your answer. 1. Tim said, “Be careful when you write your answers on the test. ” Tim reminded the class to be careful when they wrote their answers on the test. Seriously, I see this almost every semester and it astonishes me.

Test Advice • This is a real midterm exam – If I see this on the reported speech test or on the final exam, I will not mark it. – It is an automatic F F