DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH DEFINITION Reported speech also

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DEFINITION � Reported speech – also known as Indirect speech � Direct speech: John

DEFINITION � Reported speech – also known as Indirect speech � Direct speech: John said, “Ali is tired. ” � The verb ‘said’ is known as the reporting verb. � The words in inverted commas (“”) are what John actually said.

DEFINITION � Changes are made when direct speeches are transformed into indirect speeches. Tenses

DEFINITION � Changes are made when direct speeches are transformed into indirect speeches. Tenses are not changed if: (a) the reporting verb is given in the present tense. E. g. Lily says, “It is the hottest month of the year. ” � (a) In reported form, it would be - Lily says that it is the hottest month of the year. This means that the reported statement is always true.

DEFINITION � Tenses are also not changed if the direct speech is a fact:

DEFINITION � Tenses are also not changed if the direct speech is a fact: (a) Mr Lim said, “Mammals give birth to young alive. ” (a) Mr Lim said that mammals give birth to young alive. � Note that the tense of verb ‘give’ does not change.

CHANGES IN TENSES

CHANGES IN TENSES

CHANGES IN PRONOUNS � � � Direct Speech I me my mine we us

CHANGES IN PRONOUNS � � � Direct Speech I me my mine we us ours you / them yours to to to Reported Speech he / she him / her his / hers they them theirs he / she, him / her, they to to his / her, their his / hers, theirs

CHANGES IN PLACE, TIME AND OTHERS � � � � � Direct Speech here

CHANGES IN PLACE, TIME AND OTHERS � � � � � Direct Speech here this these now today tonight tomorrow yesterday last night last week / month / year next week / month /year ago come must to to to Reported Speech there that those to to to then that day that night the next day / the following day the previous day to to to the previous night the previous day / month / year the following week / month / year to to to before go / went / gone has / have / had to

NOTE OF PRECAUTION � Words like ‘would’, ‘could’, ‘should’, ‘might’ and ‘ought to’ remain

NOTE OF PRECAUTION � Words like ‘would’, ‘could’, ‘should’, ‘might’ and ‘ought to’ remain the same in the reported speech. � Contractions (short forms) like ‘I’ll’ and ‘they’re’ are not allowed in reported speech. Write in full.

YES / NO QUESTIONS � Use of if / whether � Direct: Ali asked

YES / NO QUESTIONS � Use of if / whether � Direct: Ali asked Peter, “Are you joining the competition? ” � Indirect: Ali asked Peter if he was joining the competition. � Indirect: Ali asked Peter whether he was joining the competition.

WH - QUESTIONS � Repeat the question word (wh-) in the reported speech �

WH - QUESTIONS � Repeat the question word (wh-) in the reported speech � Direct: The man asked, “Who took my sandwich? ” � Indirect: The man asked who had taken his sandwich. � Direct: Mr Sim asked the pupils, “What are you doing? ” � Indirect: Mr Sim asked the pupils what they were doing.

CHANGE IN ORDER OF WORDS In reported speech, the verb or verbs appear after

CHANGE IN ORDER OF WORDS In reported speech, the verb or verbs appear after the subject � Direct: Timothy asked, “Is this book mine? ” V S � Indirect: Timothy asked if that book was his. S V � Direct: “When are you free? ” Henry asked Ken. V S � Indirect: Henry asked Ken when he was free. S V �

REPORTING ORDERS AND REQUESTS � Use of ‘told’, ordered’, ‘asked’ etc. � Direct: Mr

REPORTING ORDERS AND REQUESTS � Use of ‘told’, ordered’, ‘asked’ etc. � Direct: Mr Lim asked the pupils, “Could you walk quietly? ” � Indirect: Mr Lim asked the pupils if they could walk quietly. � Direct: “March smartly!” the sergeant yelled at the soldiers. � Indirect: The sergeant ordered the soldiers to march smartly.

REPORTING ORDERS AND REQUESTS � ‘Don’t’ changed to ‘not to’ � Direct: “Don’t play

REPORTING ORDERS AND REQUESTS � ‘Don’t’ changed to ‘not to’ � Direct: “Don’t play in the corridor, ” Ms Jane told the boys. � Indirect: Ms Jane told the boys not to play in the corridor. � Direct: “Ben, don’t leave your shoes outside, ” Mother warned. � Indirect: Mother warned Ben not to leave his shoes outside.