Observation Direct observation in the field Structuring frameworks

Observation • Direct observation in the field – Structuring frameworks – Degree of participation (insider or outsider) – Ethnography • Direct observation in controlled environments • Indirect observation: tracking users’ activities – Diaries – Interaction logging

Structuring frameworks to guide observation • - The person. Who? - The place. Where? - The thing. What? • The Goetz and Le. Compte (1984) framework: - Who is present? - What is their role? - What is happening? - When does the activity occur? - Where is it happening? - Why is it happening? - How is the activity organized?

Watching People • Ethnographic techniques – Immersive, frontline, creating an account. – More structured approaches exist • Contextual Inquiry (Beyer & Holtzblatt, 1995) – Apprentice-master relationship – Insights structured by context

Ethnography (1) · A researcher’s degree · Ethnography is a of participation can philosophy with a set vary along a scale of techniques that from ‘outside’ to include participant ‘inside’ observation and interviews · Analyzing video and data logs can be time· Debate about consuming differences between participant observation · Collections of and ethnography comments, incidents, and artifacts are made · Ethnographers immerse themselves in the culture that they study

Ethnography (2) • Co-operation of people being observed is required • Informants are useful • Data analysis is continuous • Interpretivist technique • Questions get refined as understanding grows • Reports usually contain examples

If you are interested in trying Ethnography try this…. • if you have a high speed • To use Active. Worlds you will need to check the Internet connection, join instructions that they www. Active. Worlds. com. provide and download Or go to another chat the appropriate software room of your choice to run on your computer • Active. Worlds is a 3 -D chatroom environment in which you can visit different environments and chat with the people that you meet there

Yellowstone world

Try out Ethnography…. • Select one of the worlds to visit and choose an avatar (a graphical personification) to represent you. • Spend one to two hours doing an ethnographic study. • Use one of the frameworks discussed in the previous slides to guide you and write a one or two page report about your study. • Also notice and report on any usability issues you encounter and on user experiences in this environment.

Direct observation in a controlled setting • Think-aloud technique Indirect observation • Diaries • Interaction logs

Self-reporting • Diary studies – Photo/video journals – participants given a camera and told to document activities relating to study focus • Using technology – Palen & Salzman (2002) asked mobile uses to regular phone a diary line • Record their feelings about service • Answer structured questions – Beeper studies – subjects wear a beeper which the designer sets of occasionally during the day. Subjects records in a journal what they are doing when the beeper goes

More observation techniques • Fly on the wall – Go to a location and unobtrusively observe what goes on: eg shopping activity • Shadowing – Follow subjects as they go about their routines ( similary to ethnographic techniques) • Contextual Inquiry – going to a subjects location and asking questions about behaviours etc • Undercover agent – Observe people by interacting with them covertly ( could be unethical)

Choosing and combining techniques • Depends on – The focus of the study participants involved nature of the technique resources available

Observation Case-Study: Quiet Calls Prototype : (Nelson et al, 2001) • Access this case study in Links • Skim read the article answering the questions oppposite [http: //www. fxpal. com/? p=Quiet. Calls] • • Focus of the study? Context of the study? Study methods used? What insights did these methods provide? • What design solution was proposed?

Observation Case-Study: Quiet Calls Prototype : (Nelson et al, 2001) [http: //www. fxpal. com/? p=Quiet. Calls] • Focus/Context – Understand design for private calls in public spaces • Methods – Field observations – Interview 16 frequent callers – Anecdotal evidence

Observation Case-Study: Quiet Calls Prototype : • Insights • Design solution – People are ‘on call’ – Not enough info to judge whether to answer or not – Need to move to private place to continue conversation – Device with three extra buttons • Engage • Listen • Disengage

Summary • Three main data gathering methods: interviews, questionnaires, observation • Observation may be direct or indirect, in the field or in controlled setting • Techniques can be combined depending on study focus, participants, nature of technique and available resources