Industrial Revolution Chapter 9 1700 1900 Introduction to

Industrial Revolution Chapter 9 1700 -1900

Introduction to Industrial Revolution l When l l l ? Began in England in 1750 By the late 1800’s Germany, U. S. , Japan and Russia were industrialized

Introduction to Industrial Revolution Where ?

Introduction to Industrial Revolution What ? l The shift from making goods by hand to making them by machine.

Introduction to Industrial Revolution Why ? Agricultural Revolution Enclosure Movement More food Rise in population Migration to cities

Introduction to Industrial Revolution How ? Machines in Factories!!!! New inventions in Communication and Transportation

Introduction to Industrial Revolution Who ? l Scientists l Watt Whitney Bessemer Pasteur Edison Darwin Pavlov Freud l l l l Philosophers Smith Malthus Ricardo Bentham Mill Marx

Legacy of the Industrial Revolution l l The Industrial Revolution affected all classes of society in several different ways. Politically Socially Economically

Sec. 1 Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution l Begins in England in 1700’s but another revolution had to occur first!! l l Agricultural Revolution l Enclosures

Agricultural Revolution l 1. 2. Enclosure movement has 2 major effects Land owners experiment with new methods Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or migrate to cities to look for work l 1. 2. New Methods Crop rotation Livestock breeding Increase in food production Increase in population

Crop Rotation and Breeding Why was crop rotation and Livestock breeding so important to the industrial Revolution?

Why the Industrial Revolution began in England! l l l l Natural resources- coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors Labor supply Capital Entrepreneurs Transportation Markets Political Stability Factors of Production- land, labor, capital

Inventions Spur Industrialization (Textiles) Flying Shuttle Power Loom Spinning Jenny Eli Whitney Cotton Gin

Textiles l l The new textile machines were large and expensive Making clothes now moved from the home to factories

Why is transportation so important to the success of the Industrial Revolution?

Robert Fulton The Clermont Improvements in Transportation James Watt Steam Engine

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain l l l Cheap Transportation Created new jobs Helped England’s agricultural and fishing industries l Encouraged country people to take city jobs

Section 2 Industrialization Positives • more jobs • economic opportunities l A Mixed Blessing Negatives • unhealthy working conditions • pollution • child labor • class tensions

Urbanization l l l City building and the movement of people to cities Why were so many people migrating to the cities? London’s population 1800 - 1 million

Urbanization and Living Conditions

Urbanization and Living Conditions

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Urbanization 1. 2. 3. What problems would occur as a result of so many people moving to the city? Whose responsibility is it to improve the living conditions in the city? What steps can be taken to improve the living conditions?

Why did the landowners have little or no respect for factory owners? Sec. 2 Class Tension Grows l l l British Social Classes Upper class- landowners, aristocrats, factory owners, bankers Upper middle class-managers, merchants, doctors, lawyers Lower middle class- factory overseers, skilled workers Working class- laborers, unskilled workers

Sec. 2 The Luddites l l Ned Ludddestroyed machinery and attacked factories Why? l

Sec. 2 Positive Effects of Industrialization l l l l List the positive effects Created jobs, wealth Technology, inventions Production of goods increased leading to lower prices Higher wages leads to healthier diets, better housing Educational opportunities Overall, higher standard of living

The Mills of Manchester l l l l Why was Manchester the perfect city for a factory? Access to waterpower Labor Outlet to the sea at Liverpool How was Manchester an example of the best and the worst of the Industrial Revolution? Child labor, dangerous working conditions, pollution Creates wealth, standard of living rises

Section 3 Industrialization Spreads Technological Boom!! l l United States Expansion Natural resources- oil, coal, iron Inventions- lights bulb, telephone railroads

Industrialization in United States l l l Britain forbids engineers to leave 1789 Samuel Slater immigrates to U. S. Lowell, Massachusetts- 1 st major industrial city in U. S.

Section 3 Rise of Corporations l l How do you raise enough money to start a business? Sell shares of stock in order to form corporations John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie

Sec. 3 Continental Europe 1. 2. 3. How was Belgium able to industrialize quickly? Why was Germany slow to industrialize? Give some specific examples of why other European nations did not industrialize.

Sec. 3 The Impact 1. l 2. l To keep factories running, industrialized nations needed raw materials. Where are they going to get these resources? From poor non-industrialized nations. How do you think industrialized nations chose the areas they would colonize? On the basis of their natural resources!

The Impact, continued l l l The need for both additional resources and markets ultimately led to Imperialism- a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other nations politically, economically, or socially What do you think was the most significant effect of the Industrial Revolution? Why? (p. 299)

Section 4 Reforming the Industrial World Socialism, Capitalism, and Labor Unions

How Do You Solve the Problems of Industrialization? Standard 10. 3. 6 Analyze the emergence of Capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, Communism

Sec. 4 Philosophers of Industrialization l l l Capitalism- an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. Laissez faire- the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference Economics- the study of how society chooses to use scarce resources to satisfy its unlimited wants and needs

Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations l 1. 2. 3. 3 natural laws Self-interest Competition Supply and demand Government should stay out of business!

Thomas Malthus- An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) 1. What are these 2 charts telling us about the relationship between population and resources? 2. What is the consequence of this relationship?

Laissez faire philosophers (what are the effects of population growth? ) l l Conclusion: Wages would go lower as a population increased David Ricardo- Principles of Political Economy and Taxation If there were more workers than jobs available what would be the result? If there were more jobs than workers what would be the result?

Laissez fair philosophers believe 1. 2. That government should resist the idea of helping poor workers Passing laws would upset the free market system and result in less wealth!

Utilitarianism- the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people John Stuart Mill: Reforms in education, Law and prisons Jeremy Bentham

Utopian Ideas- Robert Owen New Lanark, Scotland New Harmony, Indiana

Socialism: the factors of production (land, labor, capital) are owned by the public. 1. Government should plan the economy and consequently control factories mines, railroads, etc. 2. Public ownership would promote equality and end poverty.

Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto “Workers of the World Unite!” Lenin Castro Zedong

Communist Manifesto l Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat l (Employers) vs. (Workers) Prediction: the proletariat would revolt and take over the factories. In Communism, all means of production (land, mines, factories, businesses, etc. ) would be owned by the people. No private property and all resources are shared equally! Consequently, poverty disappears. “dictatorship of the proletariat” l l

Marx was wrong (on a few things!) 1. 2. 3. Economic forces do not completely dominate society. Religion, Nationalism, Democracy are strong forces as well. Wages and the standard of living has increased. Legislation passed to protect workers.

Communism continued 1. 2. 3. What is the difference between capitalism and communism? Describe how Karl Marx was wrong in his predictions. (page 304) Which nations are communist

Labor Unions and Reform Laws What were the main problems faced by the unions and how did they overcome them?

Labor Unions l l l Unions- an association of workers formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages Collective Bargaining- negotiations between workers and factory owners. If factory owners refused the demands of workers, how would the workers respond? Strike- refuse to work Combination Acts- British Parliament outlaws unions and strikes

How does a strike effect 1. Workers? 2. Employers? 3. Public?

http: //www. nationalchildlabor. org/ Reform Laws l l l Factory Act of 1833 Mines Act of 1842 Ten Hours Act of 1847 National Child Labor Committee How would Adam Smith respond to these Parliamentary laws? How would Karl Marx respond?

Reform Spreads l l Slavery- abolished in British territories (1833) Slavery ends in the United States after the Civil War (1865) William Lloyd Garrison William Wilberforce

Hull House Women’s Rights Jane Addams l Settlement houses l International Council of Women l http: //www. icw-cif. org/

Education Horace Mann “If we do not prepare children to become good citizens, if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down to destruction”

Chapter 10 An Age of Progress 1815 -1914 Section 4 19 th century progress

Thomas Edison

Alexander Bell and Guglielmo Marconi

Henry Ford

Assembly Line How did the assembly line affect 1. Workers? 2. Prices?

Wilbur and Orville Wright December 17, 1903 - 59 seconds

Louis Pasteurization is the process that purifies milk and helps it stay fresher, longer. Milk is pasteurized by heating it to 72°C for 16 seconds then quickly cooling it to 4°C. Pasteurization is named after Louis Pasteur, the famous scientist who discovered that the process destroyed bacteria that naturally develops in raw milk. By destroying the bacteria, milk becomes safe to drink and holds it’s delicious flavor for much longer.

Joseph Lister

Charles Darwin How can we explain the tremendous variety of plants and animals on earth? Theory of Evolution

Gregor Mendel Genetics

John Dalton Dmitri Mendeleev

Marie and Pierre Curie Radioactivity

Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud

Review # 1 l What are the 3 factors of production? l l l Land Labor Capital

Review # 2 l I destroyed factories and machines! Luddites

Review # 3 l A policy in which a l strong nation dominates a weaker nation politically, economically, and socially Imperialism

Review # 4 l l I wrote the Wealth of Nations. I explained the 3 laws of economics. Self-interest Competition Supply and demand

Review # 5 l I wrote the Communist Manifesto. What did I predict? Karl Marx

Review # 6 l Before a union decides l to go on strike. The employers and employees meet to discuss wages and working conditions. This process is called ? Collective bargaining

Chapter 8 Sec. 4 Revolutions in the Arts Standard 10. 3. 7 Describe the emergence of Romanticism in art and literature(poetry of William Blake and William Wordsworth), social criticism, (novels of Charles Dickens)

Mary Shelley Romanticism l l l l Emphasized inner feelings, emotion Focused on mysterious, supernatural, horrifying Love beauties of nature Glorified heroes Cherished folk traditions, music, stories Valued common people, the individual Promoted radical change, democracy Standard 10. 3. 7 Describe the emergence of Romanticism

Romantic Writers- nature is the true source of beauty. Celebrate rebellious heroes, passionate love, mystery of nature. Samuel Taylor Coleridge John Keats Percy Bysshe Shelley Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

She Walks in Beauty 1 She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. 2 One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impair'd the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens o'er her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling place. 3 And on that cheek, and o'er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent! Lord Byron

My Heart Leaps Up MY HEART LEAPS UP WHEN I BEHOLD - MY heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man: So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The child is father of the man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety William Wordsworth

Composers Emphasize Emotion Beethoven Liszt Chopin Wagner

Realism Courbet

Charles Dickens Social criticism Oliver Twist A Christmas Carol What is the focus of realist literature?

Impressionism Claude Monet

Impressionism – Renior

Industrialization Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Why was Britain the 1 st nation to industrialize? What was the Agricultural revolution? Describe the main points of the Communist Manifesto. What idea did Louis Pasteur contribute to science? What is theory of evolution? Describe how Romanticism was a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment.

Copy Questions, answer in complete sentences, use pen 1. 2. 3. 4. Ch. 9 sec. 1 Define Industrial Revolution What are enclosures? What were two results of the enclosure movement? What is crop rotation? What contributed to England’s population boom? 6. List England’s natural resources 7. Define factors of production 8. What was the first industry to be affected by the Industrial Revolution? 9. Why were the first factories built near rivers? 10. Which invention helped to increase U. S. cotton production? 11. How did James Watt contribute to the Industrial Revolution? 12. What is an entrepreneur? 13. What was the Clermont? 14. Who built the world’s first railroad line? 15. How did the invention of the locomotive “revolutionize life in Britain? “ 5. Standard 10. 3. 1, 10. 3. 2, 10. 3. 5

Ch. 9 sec. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is urbanization? Why did factories develop in clusters? Describe the living conditions in England’s cities. How long was the average work day? Describe the working conditions in the factories. Why were so many woman and children employed in factories and mines? Before the Industrial Revolution, who occupied the top position in British society? Which groups made up the upper middle class? The lower middle class? Who were the Luddites? Describe the Factory Act of 1919. Answer the following questions in a paragraph: A. What were the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution? B. Why was Manchester the perfect city to build a factory? C. As a factory worker, what could you do to improve your working Copy questions, conditions? answer in complete sentences, use pen Standards 10. 3. 2, 3. 3, 3, 4

Copy questions, answer in Complete sentences, use pen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Ch. 9 sec. 3 Which natural resources did the United States possess? How did Britain attempt to keep the secrets of the industrialization to itself? When and where was the first factory built in the United States? Which American city became a model for other industrialized cities? What contributed to the industrial boom after the end of the Civil War? Define stock Define corporation How did the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars affect the development of industrialization in Europe? How was Belgium able to industrialize? What factors slowed industrialization in Germany? How come many European nations did not industrialize? What did industrialized countries require? What is imperialism? How did industrialization lead to imperialism? What was the most significant effect of the Industrial Revolution? Explain. Standard 10. 3. 2, . 3, . 5, 4. 1

Copy questions, answer in Ch. 9 sec. 4 Standard 10. 3. 6 Complete sentences, use pen 1. 2. 3. 4. Define laissez faire According to the laissez faire economists, how would economies prosper? According to Adam Smith, what are the 3 laws of economics? What is capitalism? 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. What was Thomas Malthus’ main argument in An Essay on the Principle of Population? Why did David Ricardo oppose government efforts to help poor workers? What is Utilitarianism? According to John Stuart Mill, how should the government help the poor? How did Robert Owen attempt to improve the lives of the workers? What is socialism? In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx describes the warring classes. Who are the warring classes? What is Communism? Which world leaders were inspired by the ideas of Marx? What did Marx predict would happen to industrialized nations? Why were the predictions of Marx incorrect? What are unions? Why would a worker choose to join a union? What is collective bargaining? What is a strike? What were the Combination Acts? Describe the Factory Act of 1833.