Internet OSI Internet layer models TCPIP IP addressing
- Slides: 103
Περιεχόμενα Δίκτυα υπολογιστών & Internet OSI & Internet layer models Τα πρωτόκολλα TCP/IP IP addressing DNS, URLs HTTP HTML Troubleshooting
Hypertext
1969 – Το ARPANET λειτουργεί με 4 κόμβους Ο πρώτος κόμβος (host) συνδέθηκε με το ARPANET (Network Measurement Center στο UCLA). Μέχρι το τέλος του 1969, τέσσερις κόμβοι ήταν συνδεδεμένοι με το ARPANET. UCLA - Univ. of Calif. at Los Angeles UCSB - Univ. of Calif. at Santa Barbara UTAH - Utah University SRI - Stanford Research Institute
1996 Internet Explorer H Microsoft παρουσιάζει την πρωτη έκδοση του Internet Explorer Java To 1996 έκανε την εμφάνιση της και η γλώσσα προγραμματισμού η Java της Sun Microsystems. Flash Το 1996, η Future. Wave Software πουλήθηκε στην Macromedia, και το Future. Splash Animator έγινε το Macromedia Flash 1. 0.
2006 - Web 2. 0
Ανάπτυξη του Internet Ο όγκος του Internet traffic – κάποιος νόμος του Moore ? (Larry Roberts, 2003)
TCP/IP Headers IP protocol προσθέτει packet routing info γύρω στα 20 bytes TCP protocol προσθέτει πληροφορία για να δημιουργηθεί ένα virtual circuit. • περιλαμβάνει επίσης message formatting, circuit management, flow control, error correction. •
Network Segments Router A Segment 1 RA Segment 2 Router A Router B Segment 3 RA Segment 1 RB Segment 2 RC Router C Segment 4
Subnets & Subnet Masks…
Παραδείγματα με subnet masks Required Number of Physical Segments: 20 Maximum Number of Hosts/Physical Segment: 5 Network Address: 201. 222. 5. 0. Proposed Custom Subnet Mask: 255. 248 Number of Subnets Supported: 32 Maximum Number of Host ID per Subnet: 6 Subnet IDs: 210. 222. 5. 0 210. 222. 5. 8 210. 222. 5. 16 210. 222. 5. 24 …… 210. 222. 5. 248 Host ID Ranges per Subnet 1 st Host – Last Host on Subnet 210. 222. 5. 0 210. 222. 5. 8 210. 222. 5. 16 210. 222. 5. 24 …… 210. 222. 5. 248 210. 222. 5. 1 – 210. 222. 5. 6 210. 222. 5. 8 – 210. 222. 5. 14 210. 222. 5. 16 – 210. 222. 5. 22 210. 222. 5. 24– 210. 222. 5. . 30 …… 210. 222. 5. 249 – 210. 222. 5. 254
Παραδείγματα με subnet masks Required Number of Physical Segments: 250 Maximum Number of Hosts/Physical Segment: 100 Network Address: 191. 254. 0. 0 Proposed Custom Subnet Mask: 255. 0 Number of Subnets Supported: 254 Maximum Number of Host ID per Subnet: 254 Subnet IDs: 191. 254. 1. 0 191. 254. 2. 0 191. 254. 3. 0 191. 254. 4. 0 …… 191. 254. 0 1 st Host – Last Host on Subnet Host ID Ranges per Subnet 191. 254. 1. 0 191. 254. 2. 0 191. 254. 3. 0 191. 254. 4. 0 …… 191. 254. 0 191. 254. 1. 1 – 191. 254. 2. 254 191. 254. 3. 1 – 191. 254. 3. 254 191. 254. 4. 1 – 191. 254. 4. 254 …… 191. 254. 1 – 191. 254
Απόκτηση IP διευθύνσεων § Public Addressing Registered Internet IP addresses μπορούν να συνδεθούν απευθείας στο Internet ISPs (Internet Service Providers) § Private Addressing Non-Registered Internet IP addresses π. χ. 10. 0 δε μπορούν να συνδεθούν απευθείας στο Internet χρειάζονται κάποιο ΝΑΤ (Network Address Translation) ή κάποια υπηρεσία Proxy για να συνδεθούν (περιλαμβάνεται σε μερικούς routers, proxy servers ή firewalls)
Δρομολόγηση § Ο Router A που ενώνει τα Segment 1 & Segment 2 προσεγγίζει τα 2 αυτά τμήματα δικτύου απευθείας Router A Segment 1 RA Segment 2 § Ο Router A δεν μπορεί να προσεγγίσει απευθείας τα Segment 3 & Segment 4 χωρίς κάποια «βοήθεια» (indirect routing) § Δύο προσεγγίσεις: Static & Dynamic Routing Router A Router B RA Segment 1 RB Segment 2 RC Router C Segment 4 Segment 3
DNS – Τι είναι Domain Name System Παρέχει έναν «τηλεφωνικό κατάλογο» για τους IP αριθμούς (DNS service) § Μια ιεραρχική κατανεμημένη βάση δεδομένων με ονόματα § § Top Level Domains (TLD) π. χ. gr, uk, us ή com, org Mid-Level Domains π. χ. ac, co Organization names π. χ. ekdd, uoa Machine names π. χ. softlab, theseas edu calteck alumni co essex ac ucl com gov ae uk cs leeds us va reston cnri
DNS Management
URLs – Τι είναι § Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) § Aναφέρονται και ως Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) § Γενική μορφή URL: <protocol>: //<domain name>/<local name> π. χ. http: //pse. primedu. uoa. gr/index. html ftp: //pse. primedu. uoa. gr/users/araptis
HTTP Request First line: Method URL HTTP version HTTP Headers Blank line (Optional) Entity
HTTP Response First line: HTTP version Response code Response text HTTP Headers Blank line (Optional) Entity
HTTP Methods Διαφορετικές μέθοδοι επιτρέπουν διαφορετικούς τρόπους μεταφοράς δεδομένων μερικές από αυτές είναι: Method GET Purpose Request a specific object HEAD Request header for a specific object POST Send information as an entity PUT Publish entity to server
HTTP Examples (1) First Line Http Request: Client asking for a file /webdev/example. html to be sent GET /webdev/example. html HTTP/1. 1 Host: cis 1. msroot. student. paisley. ac. uk User-Agent: Mozilla/5. 0 (X 11; U; Linux i 586; en-US; rv: 0. 9. 3) Gecko/20010808 Accept: text/xml, application/xhtml+xml, text/html; q=0. 9, image/png, image/jpeg, image/gif; q=0. 2, text/plain; q=0. 8, text/css, */*; q=0. 1 Accept-Language: en-us Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress; q=0. 9 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859 -1, utf-8; q=0. 66, *; q=0. 66 Keep-Alive: 300 Connection: keep-alive Referer: http: //cis 1. msroot. student. paisley. ac. uk/webdev/index. html Headers
HTTP Examples (2) First Line Http Response: Server responds as following HTTP/1. 1 200 OK Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2001 13: 27: 18 GMT Server: Apache/1. 3. 9 (Unix) Debian/GNU PHP/4. 0. 3 pl 1 Apache. JServ/1. 1 Last-Modified: Fri, 19 Oct 2001 08: 48: 00 GMT ETag: "143 a 7 -1788 -3 bcfe 8 c 0" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 402 Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859 -1 <html> <head> <title>HTML Quick Example</title> </head> <body> <h 1>Quick Example</h 1> <p>This is a short example of an HTML page. It contains a heading (above) and a <a href="http: //www. example. org/otherpage. html">link</a> to another page. I hope you enjoy it. A picture of my digital camera appears below. </p> <p><img src="http: //www. example. com/mycamera. jpg" alt="My Camera"></p> </body> </html> Entity Headers
HTTP Examples (3) Http Request: Client asking for a file … to be sent only if it has been modified since the last time it saw it, to save on bandwidth First Line GET /webdev/newexample. html HTTP/1. 1 Host: cis 1. msroot. student. paisley. ac. uk User-Agent: Mozilla/5. 0 (X 11; U; Linux i 586; en-US; rv: 0. 9. 3) Gecko/20010808 Accept: text/xml, application/xhtml+xml, text/html; q=0. 9, image/png, image/jpeg, image/gif; q=0. 2, text/plain; q=0. 8, text/css, */*; q=0. 1 Headers Accept-Language: en-us Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress; q=0. 9 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859 -1, utf-8; q=0. 66, *; q=0. 66 Keep-Alive: 300 Connection: keep-alive If-Modified-Since: Fri, 19 Oct 2001 08: 48: 06 GMT If-None-Match: "143 a 3 -884 -3 bcfe 8 c 6" Cache-Control: max-age=0
HTTP Examples (4) First Line Http Response: Server responds as following HTTP/1. 1 304 Not Modified Date: Wed, 14 Nov 2001 13: 19: 36 GMT Server: Apache/1. 3. 9 (Unix) Debian/GNU PHP/4. 0. 3 pl 1 Apache. JServ/1. 1 Headers Connection: Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100 ETag: "143 a 3 -884 -3 bcfe 8 c 6"
Troubleshooting PC Internet Hub/Switch Cable / DSL Modem Router/Gateway/Firewall Corporate Firewall PC Company network Internet
Ιατρική ΙΑ 14 4 Leased Line HDSL 2 Mbps Catalyst 5509 Ethernet 10 Base. TX Fast Ethernet 100 Base. TX / 100 Base. FX Catalyst 1924 5 Router 7206 LS 1010 ΤΕΦΑΑ 03 ΟΔ 18Α ATM 155 Mbps 6 Τώρα ΑΤΜ 155 Mbps, Οδοντιατρική Catalyst 5000 μελλοντικά Gibabit Ethernet Router 2620 ΓΕ/020 1 Catalyst 3550 / 48 Router 2620ΧΜ Αιόλου & Κολοκοτρώνη 9 512 Kbps 155 Mbps 2 Mbps Χρ. Λαδά 6 155 Mbps Router 7507 Προσεχώς 1 Gbps Ναυαρίνου 13Α 2 Mbps 155 Mbps ΦΛ/004 Φιλοσοφική Router 7507 Router 3620 Πρυτανεία 100 Mbps LS 1010 2 Μbps (Πανεπιστημίου 30) Γεολογικό Router 2620 2 Mbps Router 2620 Router 2610 Ιπποκράτους 33 10 7 Catalyst 3548 XL Ακαδημίας 45 Catalyst 5000 Ιπποκράτους 15 8 2 x Catalyst 1924 Ιπποκράτους 35 Catalyst 5000 Internet 2 3
Troubleshooting Τα καλώδια σύμφωνα με τη χρησιμότητα τους χωρίζονται σε 3 είδη. Straight – through (client 2 switch, router 2 switch) Cross-over (client 2 client, router 2 router) Roll-over (terminal console από router, ή manageable switch) Οι τύποι των καλωδίων που αφορούν την ποιότητα είναι οι εξής: UTP (unshielded twisted pair) FTP (foiled twisted pair) STP (shielded twisted pair)
Troubleshooting TCP/IP manually configured with static IP configuration TCP/IP configured for DHCP / dynamic IP addressing
ipconfig
ipconfig /all
Windows XP Network Connection Details
Ping www. uoa. gr
Nslookup www. uoa. gr Έλεγχος DNS Server
- Osi vs tcp
- Osi tcpip
- Flat addressing vs hierarchical addressing
- Modelo tcpip
- Diagrama tcp
- Osi
- Tcpip logo
- Tcpip
- Ois 7계층
- Atm wan technology
- Vlan osi layer
- Fddi osi layer
- Sejarah osi layer
- Ssl osi model
- Data link layer berfungsi untuk
- Osi layer
- Network layer in osi model
- Igmpv
- Bridge osi layer
- Topmost layer of osi model
- Socks osi layer
- What is the purpose of the osi physical layer
- Network layer
- What is the basic purpose of the osi physical layer
- Pgp osi layer
- Which layer of the osi model includes vlans?
- Bridge osi layer
- Mpeg osi layer
- Osi reference model diagram
- Tcp segment structure
- What's osi model
- What is osi model explain?
- Socket osi layer
- Dsl osi layer
- Hdlc adalah
- Secure socket layer and transport layer security
- Presentation layer functions
- Layer 2 e layer 3
- Fig 19
- Secure socket layer and transport layer security
- Layer-by-layer assembly
- Pharynx
- Secure socket layer and transport layer security
- Layer 2 vs layer 3 bitstream
- Secure socket layer and transport layer security
- Osi model vs internet model
- Modal and semi modal verbs
- Apa itu internet layer
- Wipro
- Addressing bullying in schools act
- Open addressing
- Cisc addressing modes
- Contoh immediate addressing
- Wide branch addressing in computer organization
- Classful and classless addressing
- Wide branch addressing
- Indirect addressing mode diagram
- Street addressing system
- Protected mode memory addressing
- Addressing mode of 8086
- Displacement addressing mode
- 서브넷팅 예제
- Linear open addressing
- Addressing modes of 8085
- Special addressing modes in dsp
- Classless subnetting
- 00001000
- Addressing concerns and earning commitment
- Movlw 0x56 is an example of which addressing mode
- 8086 addressing modes
- Addressing modes of atmega32
- Supernetting example
- Classful addressing
- Mac addressing
- Call by address in c
- The daffodils analysis
- Classful addressing example
- Aircraft communications addressing and reporting system
- Sic/xe addressing modes
- Addressing modes of 8086 microprocessor
- Register organization of 8086
- Tcp ip osi
- Addressing modes of 8051
- Addressing modes
- A traditional method of earning commitment is the
- Classful addressing example
- Hlt addressing mode
- Define addressing mode
- Automatic private ip addressing
- Sic example
- Vax architecture
- Chapter 12 addressing competition and driving growth
- 8 great ideas of computer architecture
- Mov a, #89 h is the example of
- Find the class of the following classful ip addresses
- 68000 addressing modes
- Class b ip address example
- Addressing dyslexia toolkit
- What is direct addressing in hashing
- Different types of addressing modes in 8051 microcontroller
- Circle drawing algorithm in computer graphics ppt
- Mov a #89 h is the example of addressing mode
- Difference between classful and classless addressing
- 8085 addressing modes