Classless and Subnet Address Extensions CIDR Chapter 10

Classless and Subnet Address Extensions (CIDR) Chapter 10

Introduction • Five extensions of the IP address scheme, designed to conserve network prefixes – – – Transparent routers Proxy ARP Subnet Addressing Anonymous Point-To-Point Networks Classless Addressing

Relevant Facts • In the original IP addressing scheme: – Each network is assigned a unique network address – Each host on that network has the network address as a prefix of the host’s address • Advantage of this scheme: – Routers keep one routing entry per network – Only the network portion of the address is examined when making routing decisions

Relevant Facts • Remember original IP addresses – Class A: 8 bit network id, 24 bit host id – Class B: 16 bit network id, 16 bit host id – Class C: 24 bit network id, 8 bit host id • Sites may modify this scheme as long as: – All hosts and routers agree to the modified scheme – Other sites on the Internet can treat addresses as a network prefix and a host suffix

Minimizing Network Numbers • Growth has made the original addressing scheme unfeasible for the future – Overhead of managing network addresses – Routing tables are large and exchanging routing information requires significant effort – Address space will be exhausted (see p. 148) • Three ways of sharing one network among multiple physical networks follows

Transparent Routers • A router is used to make it look as though several hosts are connected to a WAN • It is transparent because other routers and hosts on the WAN do not know that it exists • The router is connected to hosts in a local area network on one side (as a multiplexer), and to a single host port of the WAN on the other

H 1 Wide Area Network H 2 T H 3 H 4 T is a transparent router connecting multiple hosts to a WAN. Hosts are assigned addresses as if they connected directly to the WAN.

Transparent Routers • The local area network does not have its own IP prefix • The router demultiplexes datagrams that arrive from the WAN and sends them to the host using a table of addresses • The router also accepts datagrams from the hosts and sends them across the WAN to the destinations

Transparent Routers • Advantages – requires fewer network addresses since the LAN does not need a separate IP prefix – supports load balancing • Disadvantages – works with networks with a large number of host addresses • good for class A, not good for class C – may not provide allservices (ICMP and SNMP)

Proxy ARP • Applies to networks that use ARP to bind internet addresses to physical addresses • Allows one network address to be shared by two physical networks • A router which runs proxy ARP answers ARP requests on each network for hosts on the other network • Also called: ARP hack and promiscuous ARP

Main Network H 1 H 2 H 3 Router running proxy ARP R H 4 Hidden Network H 5

Proxy ARP • When H 1 needs to talk to H 4, it uses ARP • R captures the ARP request from H 1 and responds with R’s physical address • H 1 sends datagrams destined for H 4 to R • R looks in its routing table to route the datagram on to H 4 on the hidden network

Proxy ARP • Advantage – It can be added to a single router without changing the routing tables in other hosts or routers on this network • Disadvantages – Only works on networks that use ARP – Spoofing: one machine claims to be another

Subnet Addressing • Most widely used technique of the 3 • Standardized, required part of IP addressing • A single site has a single class B address assigned to it, but has 2 or more networks • Only local routers know that there are multiple networks at this site

Network 128. 10. 1. 0 128. 10. 1. 1 128. 10. 1. 2 H 1 Rest of the Internet H 2 R all traffic to 128. 10. 0. 0 H 4 H 3 128. 10. 2. 1 Network 128. 10. 2. 0 128. 10. 2. 2

Subnet Addressing • The address 128. 10. 0. 0 is used for both networks at the site • Routers in the internet send to either network as though it was a single network • Only R knows that there are two networks and looks at the third octet to route – The two networks are called subnets

Subnet Addressing • Instead of dividing the 32 -bit IP address into (netid, hostid), we use (net portion, local portion) • The interpretation of the local portion of the address is left to the site – The net or internet portion identifies a site – The local portion identifies a physical network and a host

Subnet Addressing • Conceptual 32 -bit address in original addressing with conceptual subnet addressing – Hierarchical addressing and hierarchical routing Internet part Local part Physical Network Host

Flexibility in Subnet Address Assignment • Sites are allowed flexibility in choice of address assignment To the rest of the R 1 Internet Network 1 R 2 Network 2 R 4 Network 4 R 5 Network 3 R 3

Flexibility in Subnet Address Assignment • See Figure 10. 6 – For fixed length subnetting • When a site has a large number of subnets, the number of hosts must be small • When a site has a large number of hosts, the number of subnets will be small

Variable Length Subnets • An organization may choose a partition size for each physical network – Since the organization may have large and small networks, this gives flexibility to the site • Disadvantage: – Possible address ambiguity

Subnets with Masks • For subnetting of either kind, a 32 -bit subnet mask specifies the division – Bits in the mask are set to 1 if machines on the network treat the corresponding bit in the address as part of the subnet prefix, 0 if not – Example: the mask 11111111 0000 says the first 3 octets identify the network, and the fourth identifies the host

Subnets with Masks • Subnet masks do not necessarily have to select contiguous bits of the address, i. e. : 11111111 00011000 01000000 … not recommended!

Subnet Mask Representation • Masks may be represented in dotted decimal (binary is difficult) as in 255. 0 • They may be represented as a 3 -tuple {network #, subnet #, host #} where -1 means “all ones” {-1, 0} is 255. 0 {128. 23, -1, 0} is 128. 23. 255. 0

Routing with Subnets • Hosts connected to networks that are not subnetted must communicate with hosts on networks that are subnetted • Rule: To achieve optimal routing, a machine M must use subnet routing for an IP network address N, unless there is a single path P such that P is a shortest path between M and every physical network that is a subnet of N.

Routing with Subnets • Guideline: All subnets of a given network IP address must be contiguous, the subnet masks should be uniform across all networks, and all machines should participate in subnet routing.

Questions • How does this modify the routing algorithm? • How are subnet masks assigned? • How do we broadcast to subnets?

Anonymous Point to Point Networks • When a leased line connects two routers, the line and the two routers are not given addresses – No hardware address is needed – The interface software ignores the next hop address when sending datagrams – The connection is known as an unnumbered network, or anonymous network

128. 10. 0. 0 128. 211. 0. 0 R 1 1 leased line R 2 2 128. 10. 2. 250 To reach hosts on network 128. 10. 0. 0 default 128. 211. 0. 100 Route To Using Interface # Deliver Direct 128. 211. 0. 100 Routing Table in R 1 1 2

Classless Addressing • Allows addresses assigned to a single organization to span multiple classes • Why adopted? – The classful scheme did not divide network addresses into classes equally (<17 K class B networks, >2 M class C networks) – Class C addresses were assigned slowly – Class B addresses would be exhausted (Running out of address space ROADS)

Classless Addressing (Supernetting) • Consider a medium-sized organization that joins the Internet – A class B address is preferred over a class C – But the organization may be given a block of 256 contiguous class C addresses – This would also be a useful way to have Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide IP addresses to an organization • The ISP allocates addresses from the set to subscribers

Supernetting Effects on Routing • A new problem is created: – Now routing table is increased incredibly – Instead of one class B address, we now have 256 class C addresses • How can the problem be fixed? – Collapsing a block of contiguous addresses into a single entry: (network address, count) • network address is the smallest @ in the block • count is the number of network @s in the block

Supernetting Effects on Routing • Example: – The pair (127. 92. 61. 25, 4) specifies the four network addresses • • 127. 92. 61. 25 127. 92. 61. 26 127. 92. 61. 27 127. 92. 61. 28 • Routing tables can be smaller

CIDR • What has just been described is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) – The name does not indicate that it also involves addressing – It is not restricted to Class C addresses – It does not really use an integer, but requires that the number of blocks is a power of two, and this power is identified using a bit mask

CIDR • Example: – An organization is assigned a block of 2048 contiguous addresses, beginning at 128. 211. 168. 0 – lowest: 128. 211. 168. 0 10000000 11010011 10100000 – highest: 128. 211. 175. 255 10000000 11010011 10101111

CIDR • CIDR requires 2 things: – The lowest address in the block – A 32 -bit mask which shows where the division between prefix and suffix occurs – 11111111000 0000 after the 21 st bit in this case

CIDR Notation • A shorthand way of representing the address and the mask length is also called slash notation • The block of addresses is indicated by the first address followed by a decimal indicating the bit position 21 128. 211. 168. 0/21 – See figure 10. 11 for CIDR prefixes

CIDR Example • Work problem in Section 10. 21

Summary • Techniques have been invented to conserve IP addresses: – Extend the address space of a single network to include hosts on an attached local network – A router answers ARP requests for hosts – Share one IP network address among several networks – Let a point-to-point connection be unnumbered – Allow division between prefix and suffix to occur anywhere