In the name of God Geology Study of

Why Study Geology? • Mitigating Geologic Hazards – Earthquakes – Volcanoes • Supplying Things

Earthquake Bam, Iran • A Magnitude 6. 5 Earthquake hits a stone- and mudhouse

Volcanoes Geological Hazards Landslides Earthquakes

Geology in Engineering Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control To prevent slope failure engineers

Geology in Engineering The Leaning Tower Straightens Up In Pisa the tilted one is

Some Geologic Rates Cutting of Grand Canyon • 2 km/3 m. y. = 1

Some Geologic Rates Movement of San Andreas Fault • 5 cm/yr = 7 m/140

Six common Igneous Rocks 1000 C Solidifying Temperature 500 C Increasing Grain Size Minerals

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In the name of God

Geology Study of the EARTH

Why Study Geology? • Mitigating Geologic Hazards – Earthquakes – Volcanoes • Supplying Things We Need – Metals – Minerals – Petroleum • Protecting the Environment – Water cycle – Global Change: Sea level rise • Understanding Our Surroundings – The Earth’s relationship to other planets – Geological Time

Earthquake Bam, Iran • A Magnitude 6. 5 Earthquake hits a stone- and mudhouse city of 100, 000 in Iran 12 -26 -03 – 30, 000 Dead – 30, 000 Refugees • US sends aid and releases sanctions • Relations improved Photos from AP

Volcanoes Geological Hazards Landslides Earthquakes

Geology in Engineering Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope

Geology in Engineering The Leaning Tower Straightens Up In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11 -year effort to keep it from collapsing Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower. Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures

The Rock Cycle چﺮﺧﻪ ﺳﻨگ

Physical properties of Earth’s layers

Pressure, Temperature, Composition

Some Geologic Rates Cutting of Grand Canyon • 2 km/3 m. y. = 1 cm/15 yr Uplift of Alps • 5 km/10 m. y. = 1 cm/20 yr. Opening of Atlantic • 5000 km/180 m. y. = 2. 8 cm/yr. Uplift of White Mtns. (N. H. ) Granites • 8 km/150 m. y. = 1 cm/190 yr.

Some Geologic Rates Movement of San Andreas Fault • 5 cm/yr = 7 m/140 yr. Growth of Mt. St. Helens • 3 km/30, 000 yr = 10 cm/yr. Deposition of Niagara Dolomite • 100 m/ 1 m. y. ? = 1 cm/100 yr.

Six common Igneous Rocks 1000 C Solidifying Temperature 500 C Increasing Grain Size Minerals Plutonic Present (in order of Rocks abundance) pyroxene, olivine, feldspar, & amphibole Gabbro Andesit intermedi e ate feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, biotite mica Diorite Rhyolite high feldspar, Granite Lighter Color Volcani Silica c Content Rocks Basalt low

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