Chordate Comparison What are the characteristics of a

Chordate Comparison

What are the characteristics of a chordate? • • Dorsal hallow nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal pouches A tail beyond the anus

Subphylum Urochordata • • • Tunicates Filter feeders Nerve cord Notochord, pharyngeal pouches Temporary tail Gill slits

Subphylum cephalochordata • • Lancelets Nerve cord Notochord, pharyngeal pouches Temporary tail Gills Closed circulatory system, no true heart Muscle units

Fishes-jawless-lampreys’ class • • • No true teeth or jaws Fibers and cartilage in skeleton Lack vertebrae and keep notochords Filter feeders as larvae and parasitic as adults Suck up tissues and body fluids

Fishes-jawless-hagfishes’ class No true teeth or jaws Fibers and cartilage in skeleton Lack vertebrae and keep notochords Feed on dead or dying fish with toothed tongue • 6 hearts and open circulatory system • •

Class Chondrichdyes • • Sharks, rays, and skates Cartilaginous skeleton Toothlike scales on skin May have 1000’s of teeth

Class Osteichthyes • Bony fish

Organ systems in fish • Fish may be herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus eaters • Esophagus, stomach, pyloric ceca, liver, pancreas, anus

Organ systems in fish • Most exchange gases using gills • Most have a single gill opening • Lungfish can survive in O 2 poor water

Organ systems in fish-movement • Alternatly contacting paired sets of muscles on either side of backbone • Creates s curve and tail propels forward • Swim bladder adjusts buoyancy

Organ systems in fish-reproduction • Eggs fertilized externally or internally • Oviparous-eggs hatch outside body • Ovoviviporous-eggs hatch in mothers body-as in guppies • Viviporous-embryos stay in mother’s body but get nourishment from her, instead of from eggexample-sharks

Amphibians-anatomy and info • Lives in water as larvae and land as adult • Moist skin w/glands and lacks scales and claws

Amphibians-anatomy -digestion • Tadpoles filter feeders and eat algae/adults meat eating • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines(food absorption), large intestine, , cloaca(for urine , wastes and eggs or sperm), liver, pancreas, gall bladder

Amphibians-anatomy -respiration • Larvae-skin and gills/lungs in adults, usually/salamanders have poor lungs or none and respire through skin and mouth

Amphibians-anatomy -circulation • Double loop-1 st loop carries O 2 poor blood from heart to lungs and skin /2 nd loop carries O 2 rich blood from heart to body and O 2 poor blood back to heart • 3 chamber heart

Amphibians-anatomy -excretion • Kidneys to filter wastes from blood

Amphibians-anatomy reproduction • • sexual Eggs w/o shells Laid in water Larvae are tadpoles

Varieties • Order urodela-salamanders and newts-long bodies and tails, usually 4 legs, in woods or water • Order anura-frogs or toads • Order apoda caecillians-legless

Reptiles’ anatomy and info • Dry, scaly skin, lungs, eggs w/ several membranes

Reptiles’ anatomy -Body temperature • Ectothermsexternal control/environmental control

Reptiles’ anatomy -feeding • Herbivores and carnivores…and omnivores

Reptiles’ anatomy -respiration • Spongier lungs for more gas exchange

Reptiles’ anatomy -circulation • 3 chambered heart, except 4 in alligators and croc’s • double

Reptiles’ anatomy -excretion • If water retiles excrete toxic ammonia • If land reptiles excrete uric acid

Reptiles’ anatomyresponse, movement • Many have sensory organs in roof of mouth • Some have strong legs and some move in a scurve

Reptiles’ anatomy -reproduction • • Internal fertilization Lay eggs Oviparous Amniotic egg: 4 membranesamnion, yolk, chorion, and allantois

Varieties of reptiles • Order squamata-lizards and snakes • Order crocodiliains’s also alligators, caimans and gavials • Order testudines-turtles(water) and tortoises(land)-shell built into skeleton-2 parts dorsal –carapace, ventral- plastron • Order sphenodonta-tuataras-near New Zealand, resmble lizards but have 3 rd eye

Birds-anatomy and info • Reptilelike but have constant body temperatures -endotherms- with wings and feathers made of protein and developes from pits in bird skin • Contour feathers and down • Flight is enabled by pneumatic bones w/ air sacs

Birds-anatomy-feeding • • • Must eat constantly, depending on size Bills adapted to food getting Have crop to store food Gizzards to break down food physically Esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, cloaca

Birds-anatomy-respiration • Most air 1 st enters through air sacs in body cavity and bones, then the lungs through specialized tubes, flows in a single direction so always O 2 rich-helps maintain high metabolic rate !!!

Birds-anatomy-circulation • 4 chambered heart and 2 separate circulatory loops • Complete separation of O 2 rich and O 2 poor blood

Birds-anatomy-excretion • Uric acid fecal sacs-whitish

Birds-anatomy-Response • better developed brain • Well developed eyes and optic lobe • Taste and smell usually not well developed

Birds-anatomy-movement • Some do not fly, but most do • More rigid skeleton • Large chest muscles attached to large keel

Birds-anatomy-Reproduction • Mating by cloacal positioning • Amniotic eggs but with harder shells

• Archaeopterx-transitional species leading to birds • Passerines-largest order—perching birds • Piciforms arboreal

Mammals • Have hair and mammary glands • Breathe air, 4 -chambered heart, endotherms

Nonplacentals • Monotremes-egg-laying, have a cloaca • Platypus, spiny ant eaters • Marsupials-young develop in external pouch

Placentals Order insectivores--shrews, hedge hogs, moles Order sirenians-manatees Order chiropterns-bats Order rodentia-mice, rats squirrels, beavers, porcupines, gophers, chimpmunks… • Order cetaceans-whales and dolphins • •

• Order perissdactyls--hoofed animals w/ odd # toes-horses, tapirs, rhinos, zebras • Order carnivores-meat eaters--cats, dogs, foxes , bears, racoons, walruses-some omnivores • Artiodactyls-even- toed hoofed-grazing animals • Xenathrans-no teeth-anteaters, armadillos • Primates

• Proboscideans—have trunks Asian and african elephant • Lagomorphs-herbivores-hares and rabbits