The Chordata Chapter 34 Chordate characteristics Figure 34

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The Chordata Chapter 34

The Chordata Chapter 34

 Chordate characteristics

Chordate characteristics

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

 Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelet Branchiostoma

Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelet Branchiostoma

 Subphylum Cephalochordata: lancelet anatomy

Subphylum Cephalochordata: lancelet anatomy

Pikaia, the Burgess-shale chordate, with evident somites

Pikaia, the Burgess-shale chordate, with evident somites

Primitive chordates suggest first steps in their evolution ---

Primitive chordates suggest first steps in their evolution ---

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

tunicates

tunicates

The hagfish: a skull of cartilage and primitive eyes, but no jaw, no vertebrae

The hagfish: a skull of cartilage and primitive eyes, but no jaw, no vertebrae

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 34. 9 A sea lamprey

Figure 34. 9 A sea lamprey

Origin of the jaw: transformation of skeletal rods accompanying gills

Origin of the jaw: transformation of skeletal rods accompanying gills

Figure 34. 11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark

Figure 34. 11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom right)

Figure 34. 12 a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

Figure 34. 12 a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

Figure 34. 12 b Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse

Figure 34. 12 b Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse

Figure 34. 13 Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish

Figure 34. 13 Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 34. 1 Clades of extant chordates

Figure 34. 7 Phylogeny of the major groups of extant vertebrates

Figure 34. 7 Phylogeny of the major groups of extant vertebrates

Figure 34. 18 A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

Figure 34. 18 A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

Figure 34. 15 The origin of tetrapods

Figure 34. 15 The origin of tetrapods

Figure 34. 16 Skeleton of Acanthostega, a Devonian tetrapod fish Transitional tetrapods -- feet

Figure 34. 16 Skeleton of Acanthostega, a Devonian tetrapod fish Transitional tetrapods -- feet in place but gills and tail with fin

Figure 34. 17 Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)

Figure 34. 17 Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)

Figure 34. 18 “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)

Figure 34. 18 “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)

Figure 34. 22 A hatching reptile

Figure 34. 22 A hatching reptile

Figure 34. 24 Amniotic egg Amnion: cushioning chamber for embryo Chorion: gas exchange to

Figure 34. 24 Amniotic egg Amnion: cushioning chamber for embryo Chorion: gas exchange to exterior Allantois: disposal sac

A phylogeny of amniotes

A phylogeny of amniotes

Figure 34. 24 Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake

Figure 34. 24 Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)

Figure 25. 16 Building a phylogenetic tree of dinosaurs

Figure 25. 16 Building a phylogenetic tree of dinosaurs

Figure 34. 23 A phylogeny of amniotes

Figure 34. 23 A phylogeny of amniotes

Figure 34. 27 x Archaeopteryx Pelvises: Left, a saurischian carnivore Center, an ornithischian herbivore

Figure 34. 27 x Archaeopteryx Pelvises: Left, a saurischian carnivore Center, an ornithischian herbivore Right, Archaeopteryx

Figure 34. 27 Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic bird-reptile

Figure 34. 27 Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic bird-reptile

Figure 34. 28 b Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Caudipteryx

Figure 34. 28 b Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Caudipteryx

Figure 34. 29 A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock

Figure 34. 29 A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock (top right), penguins (bottom left), perching bird (bottom right)

Figure 34. 23 A hypothetical phylogeny of amniotes

Figure 34. 23 A hypothetical phylogeny of amniotes

Figure 34. 32 Evolution of the mammalian jaw and ear bones

Figure 34. 32 Evolution of the mammalian jaw and ear bones

Figure 34. 36 Hypothetical cladogram of mammals

Figure 34. 36 Hypothetical cladogram of mammals

Figure 34. 32 Evolutionary convergence of marsupial and eutherian (placental) mammals

Figure 34. 32 Evolutionary convergence of marsupial and eutherian (placental) mammals

Figure 34. 34 Prosimians: Lemurs

Figure 34. 34 Prosimians: Lemurs

A phylogenetic tree of primates

A phylogenetic tree of primates

The Cenozoic

The Cenozoic

Fig. 24. 40: A timeline for some selected hominin species:

Fig. 24. 40: A timeline for some selected hominin species:

 Australopithecus afarensis and the Laetoli footprints 3. 24 mya 3. 5 mya

Australopithecus afarensis and the Laetoli footprints 3. 24 mya 3. 5 mya

The Cenozoic

The Cenozoic

Closeup --- Late Cenozoic

Closeup --- Late Cenozoic

Fig. 24. 40: A timeline for some selected hominin species:

Fig. 24. 40: A timeline for some selected hominin species:

Neanderthal and human

Neanderthal and human

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny for Homo sapiens and H. neanderthalis

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny for Homo sapiens and H. neanderthalis

HUMAN MIGRATIONS

HUMAN MIGRATIONS

Secondary contact between the last Neanderthals and humans

Secondary contact between the last Neanderthals and humans