CHALLENGES IN MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE PROLAPSE IN PREGNANCY

CHALLENGES IN MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE PROLAPSE IN PREGNANCY Presented by Dr Moses Mwei Dr Benjamin Shayo Dr Bariki Mchome 8 th June 2017

CASE REPORT

DEMOGRAPHIC INFO. • • Patient Name: S. M Age: 26 Sex: Female Adress: Nyumba ya mungu- Moshi

PRESENTING COMPLAINT • Patient came in as a referral from Mawenzi regional hospital • Complaints of slight abdominal pains and progressive protrusion of a mass per vagina

HPI • Abdominal pain-Since conception Gradual onset Mild Localised Suprapubic No radiation No abvious aggrevating or relieving factor

HPI………. . ct • The mass protruding per vagina was progressively increasing in size from the time the patient first noticed it. It was not painful in touch but was associated with discomfort on walking. • No aggreviating or relieving factors were reported. • No associated pv bleeding or discharge was reported

OBSTETRIC HX • G 3 P 2 L 2 • With the history of two spontaneous vaginal deliveries at home. • 1 st delivery -2009, Bwt 4 kg, a/w • 2 nd delivery – 2012, Bwt 3 kg, a/w • 3 rd pregnancy- Index • LNMP- Unknown

GENERAL EXAM • • • FGC Mild pallor Afebrile No oedema Temp 37. 2 B. P 110/78 mm. Hg

PV EXAM • FGM done • Cervix prolapsed past introitus, normal anterior and posterior walls • Smooth surface with no decubitus ulcer • Pelvic assessment couldn’t be performed due to obstruction by the mass • Baden walker classification grade 3

Per abdomen examination • • Fundal height – 27 cm Estimated fetal size- 2 kg Lie- longitudinal Presentation – Breech

Initial plan • • Admit Obstetric ward Hb- 6. 6 g/dl, BTX- 2 units -given IM Dexamethasone 6 mg 12 hourly- 24 hrs IM Mg. SO 4 6 G STAT Nifedipine 10 mg OD for 3 days Obstetric u/sound Haematinics

Obstetric u/sound • • BPP- 8/8 GA- 32 Weeks EFW- 1. 8 KG Placenta- fundal

Subsequent management • Patient stayed in the ward for two weeks and an elective c/section + BTL was done at GA (LUSS) of 34 weeks. • INTRA OP- LFI, 2 KG, Scored 8 in 1 st minute and 10 in 5 th minute • BTL was done

Follow up plan • Discharge plan -Kegel exercise -Avoid risk activities(Carrying heavy objects etc) -Follow up after 6 month for reevaluation and definitive treatment

INTRODUCTION • The herniation of genital organs into or beyond the vaginal walls • Symptoms can impact – Daily activities – Sexual dysfunction – Exercise – Body image and sexuality

Types • POP is arbitrary divided into; § Anterior vaginal compartment prolapse eg cystocele § Apical compartment prolapse eg uterine, vaginal vault, enterocele § Posterior compartment prolapse eg rectocele • Uterine procidentia § Hernia of all three compartments through the vaginal introitus

Ant. Vag wall prolapse

Apical prolapse

Post wall prolapse

The POP Burden • Affects 50% of parous women with a 10 -20% life time risk for surgical repair • Half of women >50 yrs affected with a lifetime prevalence risk of 30 -50% • A common indication for gynecological surgeries in the western world Barber & Maher, (2013); Subak LL, (2001)

• Prevalence difficult to ascertain – Different classification systems – Symptomatic vs Asymptomatic – Worldwide • 3 -6% based on symptoms • 41 – 50% on clinical findings • In low income countries mean prevalence is 19. 7% (3. 4 – 56. 4%) • In Africa, largely remains unknown. • Ethiopia 55. 1% vs 6. 3% • Ghana 12. 1% • Tanzania ? ? Walker & Gunasekera, (2010 ); Megabiaw et al, (2013)

. . relevant anatomy • Pelvic support is provided by pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues in bony pelvis • Levator ani (pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus) → firm, elastic base for support. • Endopelvic fascia condensations eg uterosaccral, cardinal ligaments and arcus tendineus fascia →correct positioning of pelvic organs

Normal pelvic floor anatomy

Risk factors • Obstetric – Parity – Mode of delivery; vaginal vs cesarean • Advancing age • Overweight and Obesity • Chronic elevated intra-abdominal pressure – Chronic cough, constipation, heavy lifting • Connective tissue disorders – eg Ehlers-Danlos

Clinical Manifestations • Specific symptoms – Vaginal bulge/something falling out of vagina – Vaginal or pelvic pressure • Associated symptoms – Urinary e. g. incontinence in early stages vs. obstructive in late stages – Defecatory e. g. constipation, fecal urgency/incontinence – Sexual dysfunction (fear, discomfort, embarrassment)

Diagnosis and Evaluation • Diagnosed on pelvic exam • Medical history is important especially in treatment choice decisions. • Classification systems – Baden-Walker (1972) – POP-Q (1996)

. . the Baden-Walker Halfway system Lacks precision and reproducibility but effective in clinical settings

POP-Quantification test • The POP classification system of choice of – The International Continence Society (ICS) – The American Urogynecologic Society (AUGS), – The Society of Gynecologic Surgeons • Proven to have interobserver and intraobserver reliability • Site-specific, quantitatively measuring various points creating a topographic map of vagina.

• Uses a fixed reference point – hymenal remnants, called point zero (0) • Positive (+) values outside the vagina (hymenal remnants) • Negative (-) values inside the vagina • Site specific defined points referenced to the place of the hymenal remnants

POP-Q Staging • Stage 0 – no prolapse • Stage I – most distal portion of prolapse >1 cm above level of hymen • Stage II – most distal portion between 1 cm above and 1 cm below the hymenal plane • Stage III – most distal portion > 1 cm below plane of hymen but does not protrude further than 2 cm less than tvl in cm • Stage IV – complete eversion of tvl, usually cervix or cuff being leading edge

MANAGEMENT OF UTERINE PROLAPSE • Goal of treatment -Alleviate symptoms -Restore anatomical structure -Restore/Preserve sexual function • Choice of treatment depends on -Symptoms severity -Prolapse severity -Fertility desire

MNGT OF UTERINE PROLAPSE • Conservative management -Asymptomatic patient -Grade I & II -Patient desire -Address risky condition( Heavy weight lifting, coughing, constipation, Obesity etc) -Employ use of Kegel exercise

Conservative management • Desirable for grade 11 & III • Patient has other comorbidities risk for surgery Contraindication • Short vagina length • Large introitus • Previous vaginal surgery

Surgery • Goals -Provide mechanical support -Suspension -Obliterative -Surgical excision-NOT VERY EFFECTIVE!!!

Suspension procedures • Material used Synthetic material-Mesh (Polyprolene mesh) -Graft Xenograft Allograft-Harvested rectus fascia

Uterosacral suspension

Sacrospinous suspension

Sacral culpopexy

Provide support/strengthening

Obliterative

Uterine prolapse in pregnancy • Limited data-Rare event • Potential complication from C/reports -Preterm delivery 60% of case-RDS, IUFD -↑ Risk of infection -↑ Risk of inversion -Potential risk of PPH

Uterine prolapse in pregnancy • Management -Reduce risk of complication Enhance fetal lung maturation Tocolytic until viability attained Bed rest Pessaries if presents early

THE END