Parturition Definition Uterine contractions that lead to expulsion

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Parturition • Definition – Uterine contractions that lead to expulsion of the fetus to

Parturition • Definition – Uterine contractions that lead to expulsion of the fetus to extra uterine environment – Towards the end of pregnancy the uterus become progressively more excitable and develops strong rhythmic contractions that lead to expulsion of the fetus.

Parturition • Uterus is spontaneously active. • Spontaneous depolarization of pacemaker cells. • Gap

Parturition • Uterus is spontaneously active. • Spontaneous depolarization of pacemaker cells. • Gap junctions spread depolarization • Exact trigger is unknown – Hormonal changes – Mechanical changes

Hormonal changes • Estrogen & Progesterone – Progesterone inhibit uterine contractility – Estrogen stimulate

Hormonal changes • Estrogen & Progesterone – Progesterone inhibit uterine contractility – Estrogen stimulate uterine contractility • From 7 th month till term – Progesterone secretion remain constant – Estrogen secretion continuously increase – Increase estrogen/progesterone ratio

Hormonal changes • Progesterone • Estrogen – ▼ GAP junctions – ▼ Oxytocin receptor

Hormonal changes • Progesterone • Estrogen – ▼ GAP junctions – ▼ Oxytocin receptor – ▼prostaglandins. – ▲ resting membrane potential P – ▲ GAP junctions with onset of labour. – ▲ Oxytocin receptors. – ▲ Prostaglandins E

Hormonal changes • Oxytocin – Dramatic ▲of oxytocin receptors (200 folds) • gradual transition

Hormonal changes • Oxytocin – Dramatic ▲of oxytocin receptors (200 folds) • gradual transition from passive relaxed to active excitatory muscle (↑responsiveness). – Increase in oxytocin secretion at labor – Oxytocin increase uterine contractions by • Directly on its receptors • Indirectly by stimulating prostaglandin production

Hormonal changes • Prostaglandins – Central role in initiation & progression of human labor

Hormonal changes • Prostaglandins – Central role in initiation & progression of human labor – Locally produced (intrauterine) – Oxytocin and cytokines stimulate its production – Prostaglandin stimulate uterine contractions by: • Direct effect: – Through their own receptors – Upregulation of myometrial gap junctions • Indirect effect: – upregulation of oxytocin receptors

Effect of fetal hormones on uterus 1 -Fetal pituitary secrete oxytocin which might play

Effect of fetal hormones on uterus 1 -Fetal pituitary secrete oxytocin which might play a role in uterine excitation 2 -fetal adrenal glands secrete cortisol also can stimulate uterus 3 - Fetal membrane secrete prostaglandins

Mechanical changes • Stretch of the uterine muscle – Increases contractility • Fetal movements

Mechanical changes • Stretch of the uterine muscle – Increases contractility • Fetal movements • Multiple pregnancy • Stretch of the cervix – Increases contractility (reflex) • Membrane sweeping & rupture (induction contraction) • Fetal head – Positive feedback mechanism

Positive feedback mechanism

Positive feedback mechanism

Initiation of Labor Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Figure 16. 19, step

Initiation of Labor Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Figure 16. 19, step 1

Initiation of Labor Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Pressoreceptors in cervix of

Initiation of Labor Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Pressoreceptors in cervix of uterus excited Figure 16. 19, step 2

Initiation of Labor Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Afferent impulses to hypothalamus

Initiation of Labor Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Afferent impulses to hypothalamus Pressoreceptors in cervix of uterus excited Figure 16. 19, step 3

Initiation of Labor Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored

Initiation of Labor Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Afferent impulses to hypothalamus Pressoreceptors in cervix of uterus excited Figure 16. 19, step 4

Initiation of Labor Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored

Initiation of Labor Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin to blood; oxytocin targets mother’s uterine muscle Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Afferent impulses to hypothalamus Pressoreceptors in cervix of uterus excited Figure 16. 19, step 5

Initiation of Labor Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored

Initiation of Labor Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin to blood; oxytocin targets mother’s uterine muscle Uterus responds by contracting more vigorously Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal Afferent impulses to hypothalamus Pressoreceptors in cervix of uterus excited Positive feedback mechanism continues to cycle until interrupted by birth of baby Figure 16. 19, step 6

Phases of parturition • Phase 0 – From conception to beginning of labor; uterus

Phases of parturition • Phase 0 – From conception to beginning of labor; uterus is relaxed (quiescent) • Phase 1 – Activation: expression of contraction proteins • Phase 2 – Stimulation: stage 1& stage 2 of labor cervical dilatation & expulsion of fetus • Phase 3 = stage 3 of labor – Delivery of the placenta and uterine involution

Uterine Activity During Pregnancy Inhibitors Uterotrophins • Progesterone • Prostacycline • Relaxin • Nitric

Uterine Activity During Pregnancy Inhibitors Uterotrophins • Progesterone • Prostacycline • Relaxin • Nitric Oxide • Parathyroid hormone-related peptide • CRH • HPL Estrogen • Progesterone • Prostaglandins • CRH Quiescence Activation 9/26/2020 Uterotonins Prostaglandins Oxytocin Stimulation Involution Oxytocin • Thrombin Involution 19

Phases of parturition Phase 0: quiescent uterus: associated with Increased c. AMP, due to

Phases of parturition Phase 0: quiescent uterus: associated with Increased c. AMP, due to progesterone, relaxin, prostacyclin, PTH-related peptide, NO Adapted from Smith, 2007

Phases of parturition • Phase 1 (activation) – Occurs in third trimester – Promote

Phases of parturition • Phase 1 (activation) – Occurs in third trimester – Promote a switch from quiescent to active uterus – Increase excitability & responsiveness to stimulators by • Increase expression of gap junctions • Increase G protein-coupled receptors – Oxytocin receptors – Increase PGF receptors

Phases of parturition Phase 1: activation of uterus upregulation of contraction-associated proteins -connexin-43 --

Phases of parturition Phase 1: activation of uterus upregulation of contraction-associated proteins -connexin-43 -- increase gap junctions 50 X increase myometrial oxytocin receptors uterus responsive to uterotonins dilation and effacement of cervix, cervical softening due to rearrangement of collagen fibers,

Phases of parturition Phase 2 (stimulation) Occurs in last 2 -3 gestational weeks Increase

Phases of parturition Phase 2 (stimulation) Occurs in last 2 -3 gestational weeks Increase in synthesis of Cytokines Prostaglandins Oxytocin Includes 2 stages: Stage 1 Stage 2

Phases of parturition • Phase 3 (uterine involution) – Pulsatile release of oxytocin –

Phases of parturition • Phase 3 (uterine involution) – Pulsatile release of oxytocin – Delivery of the placenta – Involution of the uterus • Occurs in 4 -5 weeks after delivery • Lactation helps in complete involution

Braxton-Hicks contractions -- irritability of uterine muscle --- weak, slow contractions -- begins about

Braxton-Hicks contractions -- irritability of uterine muscle --- weak, slow contractions -- begins about 1 month before labor In contrast: stronger contractions stretch cervix and force baby through birth canal True labor has circadian rhythm, peaks between 12 midnight and 5 am. “labor pains” -- due to ischemia of uterine muscle in early stage, then stretch of cervix, perineum, vagina

Mechanics of Parturition • Contractions start at the fundus and spreads to the lower

Mechanics of Parturition • Contractions start at the fundus and spreads to the lower segment • The intensity of contractions is strong at the fundus but weak at the lower segment • In early stages 1 contraction/ 30 minuets • As labor progress 1 contraction/ 1 -3 minutes • Abdominal wall muscles contract • Rhythmical contractions allows blood flow

Labor and Parturition: Denotes the whole process by which the baby is born. Labor:

Labor and Parturition: Denotes the whole process by which the baby is born. Labor: Strong uterine contractions, cervical dilatation, forcing the fetus through the birth canal

Onset of labor • During pregnancy – Periodic episodes of weak and slow rhythmical

Onset of labor • During pregnancy – Periodic episodes of weak and slow rhythmical uterine contractions (Braxton Hicks) 2 nd trimester • Towards end of pregnancy – Uterine contractions become progressively stronger & regular – Suddenly uterine contractions become very strong leading to: • cervical effacement and dilatation

Mechanisms of labor • Effacement • Dilatation • Three “P’s” – Powers • Uterine

Mechanisms of labor • Effacement • Dilatation • Three “P’s” – Powers • Uterine activity – Passage – Passenger 9/26/2020 29

Cervical effacement Effacement is the process by which the cervix prepares for delivery. After

Cervical effacement Effacement is the process by which the cervix prepares for delivery. After the baby has engaged in the pelvis, it gradually drops closer to the cervix; the cervix gradually softens, shortens and becomes thinner. You may hear phrases like "ripens, " or "cervical thinning" which refers to effacement.

Stages of labor • Stage 1: – Commences with the onset of labor and

Stages of labor • Stage 1: – Commences with the onset of labor and terminates when the cervix has reached full dilatation and membranes ruptured (lasts 8 -24 hours). • Stage 2: – Stage of expulsion begins at full cervical dilatation and ends with expulsion of the fetus (lasts 1 -30 minutes). • stage 3: – Begins with the delivery of the child and ends with the expulsion of the placenta.

Stages of labor 1 2 3

Stages of labor 1 2 3

Stages of Labor • Dilation Ø Uterine contractions begin and increase Ø Cervix softens

Stages of Labor • Dilation Ø Uterine contractions begin and increase Ø Cervix softens and effaces (thins) ØCervix becomes dilated ØFull dilation is 10 cm ØThe amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”) ØLongest stage at 6– 12 hours

Stages of Labor Figure 16. 20 (1 of 3)

Stages of Labor Figure 16. 20 (1 of 3)

Stages of Labor • Expulsion – Infant passes through the cervix and vagina –

Stages of Labor • Expulsion – Infant passes through the cervix and vagina – Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births – Normal delivery is head first (vertex position) – Breech presentation is buttocks-first

Stages of Labor Figure 16. 20 (2 of 3)

Stages of Labor Figure 16. 20 (2 of 3)

Stages of Labor • Placental stage – Delivery of the placenta – Usually accomplished

Stages of Labor • Placental stage – Delivery of the placenta – Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant – Afterbirth—placenta and attached fetal membranes – All placental fragments should be removed to avoid postpartum bleeding

Stages of Labor Figure 16. 20 (3 of 3)

Stages of Labor Figure 16. 20 (3 of 3)

New arrival

New arrival