UTERUS 1 SH NURUL HANIM BTE SY IBRAHIM

UTERUS 1. SH. NURUL HANIM BTE SY. IBRAHIM – D 11 A 033 2. TENGKU HAJAR ASYIQIN BTE T. IBRAHIMD 11 A 036 3. MURSHIDAH BTE MOHD ASRI- D 11 A 020

ANATOMY OF UTERUS

UTERUS LOCATED • Inside the pelvis • Dorsal to the urinary bladder • Ventral to rectum

Part of uterus Body of uterus • Fundus • Cavity of uterus Function • accept a fertilized ovum which passes through the uterotubal junction from the fallopian tube

Neck of uterus ( cervix uteri) • External orifice of the uterus • Canal of the cervix • Internal orifice of the uterus Function • to allow sperm and menstrual fluid to move through.

Layer of uterus Uterus consists of 4 layers : • Endometrium- innermost glandular layer • Myometrium- smooth muscle located between the endometrium and perimetrium. • Perimetrium-The peritoneum covering of the fundus and ventral and dorsal aspects of the uterus. • Parametrium-The loose connective tissue around the uterus.

There are four main forms of uterus in mammals. They are: v. Duplex v. Bipartite v. Bicornuate v. Simplex

Duplex uterus • Two wholly separate uteri, with one fallopian tube each which opens into the vagina. Found in marsupials, rodents, and lagomorphs Tasmanian devils opossums

• Absent (or limited) fusion of the Mullerian ducts leads to the presence of two uteri. The urogenital sinus (US) is connected to the female reproductive tract • In monotremes rather than nurturing the embryo, the uterus secretes the shell around the egg. It is essentially identical with the shell gland of birds and reptiles, with which the uterus is homologous.

• Mullerian duct fusion is physically blocked by the presence of the ureters, which leads to the formation of three vaginae • The duplex uterus shown here has a pair of cervices.

Bipartite uterus • The two uteri are separate for most of their length, but share a single cervix. Found in ruminants (deer) and cats. • Mullerian fusion in the uterine region does not occur, or is limited, which leads to the formation of a pair of uterine horns that can support the development of many fetuses.

Bicornuate uterus • The upper parts of the uterus remain separate, but the lower parts are fused into a single structure. • A larger portion of the uterus forms the uterine body. Prosimian primate

Simplex uterus • The entire uterus is fused into a single organ. Found in higher primates. • some individual females (including humans) may have a bicornuate uterus, a uterine malformation where the two parts of the uterus fail to fuse completely during fetal development.

FUNCTION OF UTERUS

• Essential in sexual response by directing blood flow to the pelvis and to the external genitalia • To accept a fertilized ovum which passes through the utero-tubal junction from the fallopian tube. It implants into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose. • The embryo attaches to a wall of the uterus, creates a placenta, and develops into a fetus (gestates) until childbirth.

HISTOLOGY OF UTERUS

histology of uterus Uterus has 3 layers: 1. Perimetrium (outer) – tunica serosa 2. Myometrium – tunica muscularis 3. Endometrium – tunica mucosa

perimetrium • tunica serosa • It has the composition of loose connective tissue • contains a large number of lymphatic vessels

myometrium • tunica muscularis of the uterus. • composed of a thick inner circular layer and a thinner outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle. • The region in between the two layers of smooth muscle contains large blood vessels. • Stratum vasculare - layer of large blood vessels located between the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle of the myometrium. • In the sow the stratum vasculare is indistinct and in the cow it may be located in the outer half of the circular muscle layer.

endometrium • comprises the tunica mucosa and the tunica submucosa • tunica mucosa - lamina epithelialis is usually simple columnar except in the sow and ruminants (pseudostratified columnar) • The lamina propria - loose connective tissue full of neutrophils and lymphocytes. • It blends with the underlying tunica submucosa since there is no lamina muscularis mucosae in the entire female reproductive tract. • Uterine glands are simple or branched tubular glands located in the lamina propria-tunica submucosa. • Some regions of the endometrium in ruminants are void of glands and are highly vascular. It is in these regions, called caruncles, that contacts between the uterus and the extraembryonic membranes are made. • These glands provide nourishment for the early stages of embryonic growth, before the placenta is established. Structurally - simple tubular in late pregnancy - tortuous and coiled in shape.

Key 1. Lumen 2. Endometrium lined by cuboidal epithelium 3. Lamina propria 4. Endometrial glands 5. Myometrium 6. Serosa H&E, 40 x

Key 1. Lumen 2. Endometrium 3. Endometrial glands 4. Myometrium, circular section 5. Stratum vasculare 6. Myometrium

FALLOPIAN TUBES 1. WANNURSYAMIMI BTE WAN ZAHARI- D 11 BO 46 2. HERLINA BINTI MOHD RAPI – D 11 A 010 3. NIK NUR AFINA BTE NIK ALWI –D 11 A 021

Fallopian Tubes (or Oviducts) • pair of small tubes leading from the ovaries to the horns of the uterus • Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes • Size - long(5 - 6 inches) - diameter (0. 2 -0. 6 inches) • Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. – The journey through the Fallopian tube takes about 7 days. – Because the oocyte is fertile for only 24 to 48 hours • The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity

ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES/ OVIDUCTS

q Fimbrial segment faces the ovary q Infundibular segment - funnel shaped segment behind the fimbria q Ampullary segment wide middle segment q Isthmic segment - narrow muscular segment near the uterus q Interstitial segment - passes through the uterine muscle into the uterine cavity

O V I D U C T FALLOPIAN TUBE Reproductive system of mare Reproductive system of avian

DIFFERENCES OF FALLOPIAN TUBES/UTERINE TUBES/OVIDUCTS Animals cow ewe sow mare Length (cm) 25 15 -19 15 -30 20 -30

Roles each parts in fallopian tubes • The infundibulum catches and channels the released eggs. • The ampulla is the site where fertilization occur. • The endings of the fimbriae extend over the ovary; they contract close to the ovary’s surface during ovulation in order to guide the free egg. • The isthmus connects the ampulla and infundibulum to the uterus.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF WHAT IS UTERUS? FALLOPIAN TUBE 1. Provide a place for fertilization between egg and sperm. 2. Site for transportation of the egg from the ovary. 3. mucous membrane lining the fallopian tube gives off secretions that help to transport the sperm and the egg and to keep them alive.

Histology of Fallopian Tube ( tuba uterina , oviduct) • The uterine tubes are long flexuous musculomembranous tubes. • They consist of: – Infundibulum: an expanded cranial end which is close to the ovary; – Ampulla : a middle segment – Isthmus: a caudal narrow part that opens into the ipsilateral horn of the uterus. • The epithelium is simple or pseudostratified columnar with secretory and ciliated cells. • The lamina propria has longitudinal folds giving it a glandular appearance. • In some breeds of sheep (blackface and crosses), pigment cells are present. • The muscularis is mainly a layer of circular smooth muscle, thickening at the junction with the uterine horn, with an outer layer of longitudinal muscle. • The serosa is loose vascular connective tissue with prominent blood vessels

Infundibulum , Oviduct of Cow x 12. 5

Serosa Folds Muscularis

Uterine tube in sheep Transverse section ; Stain: Hematoxylin-eosin ; x 62. 5

Lumen : lined by pseudostratified epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis : most part circular smooth muscle fibres Serosa : loose vascular connective tissue with prominent blood vessels

Uterine Tube of Cow Transverse section ; Stain : Hematoxylin-eosin ; x 125

Deep mucosal folds are cut in transverse section giving the appearance of mucosal glands. Pseudostratified columnar with Ciliated and nonciliated cells.

Oviduct – Ampulla Tubae Uterinae Stain : iron hematoxylin-eosin ; magnification : x 10

Oviduct musculature Mesosalpinx Oviduct musculature Tunica serosa artery Mucosa fold (plica) Vein

Oviduct – Isthmus Tubae Uterinae Stain: alum hematoxylin-eosin ; magnification : x 40

Smooth Musculature Artery Subseros al tissue Tunica Serosa Mucosa plicae Smooth musculature

Oviduct- Uterina part of the oviduct Stain : hematoxylin-eosin; magnification: x 25

Blood vessels Muscular layers Myometrium

Oviduct- Ampulla Tubae Uterinae Semi-thin section; stain: methylene blue-azure II ; magification: x 400

Gland cells Ciliated cells Blood Vessels Blood vessels Lamina propria muscosae

Oviduct – Isthmus Tubae Uterinae Semi-thin section; stain: methylene blue-azure II ; magification: x 400

Ciliated cells Secretory cells Lamina propria mucosae Capillaries Secretory cells

Oviduct- Ampulla Tubae Uterinae Scanning electron microscopy; magnification: x 4800

Gland cells

Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus Infundibulum : The MUCOSA is HIGHLY FOLDED and the MUSCULARIS is THIN. Ampulla : The MUCOSA is HIGLY FOLDED and the MUSCULARIS is relatively THICK. Isthmus : The mucosa has FEWER FOLDS and the MUSCULARIS is THICKEST.

WHAT IS UTERUS? THANK YOU =)