AP BIOLOGY REVIEWDNA By Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology

AP BIOLOGY REVIEW-DNA By Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.

http: //2012 books. lardbucket. org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/section_22/a 7 fb 0 b 8 d 8 bd 87 a 23 d 5 e 3 d 86 f 5452 a 2 dc. jpg 5’ Label the 3’ and 5’ ends of this strand of DNA 3’ Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Which parts of a nucleotide molecule make up the rungs of the ladder” in a DNA molecule? Image from: http: //scitechdaily. com/images/Four-stranded-quadruple-helix-DNA-structurein-human-cells. jpg Nitrogen bases Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

m. RNA IDENTIFY the CODING and TEMPLATE strands in the above diagram. TEMPLATE strand = RED strand from which the RNA is actually transcribed. CODING (SENSE) strand = BLACK strand whose base sequence specifies the amino acid sequence. (IT MATCHES THE m. RNA MESSAGE EXCEPT IT HAS T’s instead of U’s) 3. A. 1. c. 1 The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction and synthesizes complementary m. RNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.

Image from: http: //www. astrochem. org/sci_img/dna. jpg Which type of bonds are found where? HYDROGEN BONDS COVALENT BONDS Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together. Hydrogen bonds Bonds between sugars and phosphate groups in the DNA backbone. Covalent Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an m. RNA codon anticodon Name the 3 processes that make up translation Initiation, elongation, termination 3. A. 1. c. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include: iv. t. RNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the m. RNA

Name the pieces of pre-m. RNA that are NOT edited out and are expressed Image by Riedell EXONS Where does this editing happen? In nucleus in eukaryotes Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: . 2. In eukaryotic cells the m. RNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Excision of introns

HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA in prokaryotes includes: Uptake of naked DNA transformation from viruses or bacteria _____________ Transfer of DNA from one bacterium transduction to another during viral infection __________ conjugation Cell-to-cell transfer via sex pili ___________ sometimes called “bacterial sex” Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1. B. 3]

Image from: http: //www. nature. com/scitable/content/ne 0000/ne 0000/7447898/Ess. Gen 1 -5_Codons-to-AA-V 2. jpg How many nucleotides make up an m-RNA codon? 3 Each codon in an m-RNA represents _____ amino acid(s). 1 3. A. 1. c. 4 ii. The sequence of nucleotides on the m. RNA is read in triplets called codons. iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.

https: //o. quizlet. com/W. Lm 3 kl. Kd. YPBYHXwk. N 7 Hw. A_m. jpg EXPLAIN THE ROLES OF THE FOLLOWING DURING TRANSLATION A site: receives incoming t. RNA with the correct amino acid P site: holds the growing polypeptide chain E site: t. RNA’s exit here 3. A. 1. c. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include: iv. t. RNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the m. RNA v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.

Mutations involving only one base pair are point called ____ mutations Explain why a frameshift mutation at the beginning of a gene is more harmful than at the end. Frameshifts cause everything after the mutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code. 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype

Image from: http: //biology-forums. com/index. php? action=gallery; sa=view; id=5129 The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial cells that can form sex pili is called __________ conjugation Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1. B. 3]

Where does translation happen in prokaryotic cells? On ribosomes in the cytoplasm Where does translation happen in eukaryotic cells? On ribosomes in the cytoplasm Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. Translation of the m. RNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.

Animation from; http: //www 2. samford. edu/~djohnso 2/_graphics/An. DNARepl. gif Enzyme that adds complementary deoxyribonucleotides to the 3’ end of an existing chain during replication DNA polymerase III Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.

Enzyme that adds complementary ribonucleotides to a template strand of DNA during transcription RNA polymerase Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. ~The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved, beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase, and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the course for the purposes of the AP Exam.

https: //embryology. med. unsw. edu. au/embryology/images/9/97/Trisomy 21 female. jpg Identify the genetic disorder shown in this karyotype Down syndrome/Trisomy 21 (3 #21 chromosomes) 3. C. 1 c. Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3. A. 2, 3. A. 3] ]

Animation from; http: //www 2. samford. edu/~djohnso 2/_graphics/An. DNARepl. gif Enzyme that removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides during replication DNA polymerase I Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. ~The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved, beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase, and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the course for the purposes of the AP Exam.

Image from: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim. PNG The DNA strand that is synthesized continuously is called the _____ leading strand 3. A. 1. a. . 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. LO 3. 3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]

Image from: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim. PNG The DNA strand that is synthesized in short fragments is called the _____ lagging strand 3. A. 1. a. . 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. LO 3. 3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]

Image from: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim. PNG Name the small segments the RED arrows are pointing to in the diagram below. Okazaki fragments ? 3. A. 1. a. . 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. LO 3. 3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]

Image from: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim. PNG EXPLAIN the purpose of the red dots in the diagram below DNA polymerase can’t start a new DNA chain. So primase adds a short segment of RNA nucleotides (primers) to start the chain and give DNA polymerase something to add onto. 3. A. 1. a. . 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. LO 3. 3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]

Image from: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA-Okazaki-Fragment-prelim. PNG EXPLAIN what happens to the primers (red dots) in the diagram below Primers are removed by DNA polymerase I and replaced with DNA nucleotides. 3. A. 1. a. . 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. LO 3. 3 The student is able to describe representations and models that illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. [See SP 1]

http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/1 b/45, X. jpg Identify the genetic disorder shown in this karyotype Turner syndrome/XO (females with only one X chromosome) 3. C. 1 c. Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations, including Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and XO (Turner syndrome). [See also 3. A. 2, 3. A. 3] ]

Describe some processes involved in sexual reproduction in eukaryotes that result in genetic recombination. DURING MEIOSIS: CROSSING OVER- exchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes during prophase I SEGREGATION-separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes during anaphase I INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT- mixing up of maternal and paternal chromosomes in different combinations during anaphase I RANDOM FERTILIZATION-any possible sperm can combine with any possible egg Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. c. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes involving gamete formation, including crossing-over during meiosis and the random assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, and fertilization serve to increase variation. Reproduction processes that increase genetic variation are evolutionarily conserved and are shared by various organisms. [See also 1. B. 1, 3. A. 2, 4. C 3] ✘✘ The details of sexual reproduction cycles in various plants and animals are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam. However, the similarities of the processes that provide for genetic variation are relevant and should be the focus of instruction.

Image from: http: //bio 1151. nicerweb. com/Locked/media/ch 05/05_26 Nucleotide. gif Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide Sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Using repressor proteins to “turn off” the transcription of genes is an example of _________ control. NEGATIVE POSITIVE NEGATIVE 3. B. 1. b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function. LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4]

Image from: http: //biotechlearn. org. nz/themes/bacteria_in_biotech/bacterial_dna_the_role_of_plasmids Small self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules that often carry genes for antibiotic resistance or conjugation are called PLASMIDS ______. ? Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes can contain plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules.

Image from: http: //biotechlearn. org. nz/themes/bacteria_in_biotech/bacterial_dna_the_role_of_plasmids Plasmids can be found in which kinds of organisms? Frequent in prokaryotes Rarer in eukaryotes (Ex: yeast) Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. Prokaryotes, viruses and eukaryotes can contain plasmids, which are small extra-chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules.

Purines are nitrogen bases like adenine TWO ring(s) and guanine with _____ Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA nucleotide Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

The pieces of pre-m. RNA that are INTRONS edited out are called _____ Image by Riedell Where does this editing happen? In nucleus in eukaryotes Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: . 2. In eukaryotic cells the m. RNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Excision of introns

Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved NUCLEUS A= _____ m-RNA B= _____ amino acid ribosome C= _____ t-RNA D= ______ codon F= _______ acid G = Amino _________ LO 3. 4 The student is able to describe representations and models illustrating how genetic information is translated into polypeptides. [See SP 1. 2]

Describe the processing of pre-m. RNA’s before they leave the eukaryotic nucleus Spliceosomes remove introns & splice together exons Addition of 5’ GTP cap Addition of 3’ poly-A tail Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: . 2. In eukaryotic cells the m. RNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Addition of a poly-A tail • Addition of GTP cap • Excision of introns

Image from: http: //bio 1151 b. nicerweb. com/Locked/media/ch 19/19_08 Alt. RNASlicing. jpg Explain the advantage to eukaryotes using alternative splicing Allows the same DNA to be used to make a variety of different messages and therefore proteins. 3 A. a. c. . 2. In eukaryotic cells the m. RNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Excision of introns

http: //www. yellowtang. org/images/structure_of_nucleo_c_la_784. jpg Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Name the 3 components that make up a nucleotide 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate 3. A. 1. b. 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Name the molecule(s) that carry the genetic code found in all living things. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA or RNA Which of these is found in retroviruses RNA Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Genetic information is stored in and passed to subsequent generations through DNA molecules and, in some cases, RNA molecules.

Image from http: //www. nslc. wustl. edu/courses/bio 2960/labs/07 DNA/Gel/f 22. gif http: //www. discoveryandinnovation. com/BIOL 202/notes/images/DNA_doublestrand. jpg EXPLAIN why DNA fragments will move toward the positive pole during gel electrophoresis. Phosphate groups in the DNA backbone have a negative charge which causes it to be attracted to the positive pole. Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA

Image http: //dna-fingerprinting. weebly. com/uploads/4/5/0/6/4506479/266742082_orig. jpg EXPLAIN the relationship between fragment size and distance moved on a gel during RLFP analysis. The smaller the fragment, the farther it moves on the gel. Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA

Image http: //dna-fingerprinting. weebly. com/uploads/4/5/0/6/4506479/266742082_orig. jpg EXPLAIN some uses for RFLP analysis. Crime scene analysis Paternity testing Determining evolutionary relationships between organisms Diagnosis of genetic disorders Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA

• Image http: //click 4 biology. info/c 4 b/4/gene 4. 4. htm#five Who’s the daddy? EXPLAIN your reasoning. Child inherits half of DNA from mother; and half from father. If a band appears in the child’s lane, it must also be found in EITHER the mother’s or father’s lane. Child has red circled bands not found in mom’s lane. These must come from dad. . male 2 doesn’t have these. Male 1 does. Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA

Image from: http: //chemistry. umeche. maine. edu/CHY 431/Nucleic/t. RNA 5. jpg Identify this type of RNA. Transfer RNA (t. RNA) What is its function during translation? Match its ANTICODON to the codon on the m. RNA and drop off the amino acid it is carrying Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. .

Image from: https: //http: //www. facultystore. co. uk/catalog/images/plattaq. jpg Explain why Taq polymerase is used to amplify DNA with PCR It was isolated from thermophilic archaebacteria so it can withstand the high temps of the PCR process without denaturing. Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Image from: http: //evolution. berkeley. edu/evosite/evo 101/images/dna_bases. gif Type of bond between sugars and phosphates that hold the back bone together. hydrogen ionic covalent Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular the sugar phosphate backbone.

Name the woman scientist whose X-ray images of DNA helped James Watson and Francis Crick figure out the structure of DNA ROSALIND FRANKLIN Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: i. Contributions of Wilkins and Franklin http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http: //www. time. com/time 100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick. html

Tell 3 ways DNA is different from RNA DNA RNA Double stranded Single stranded Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar A, T, C, G A, U, C, G No Uracil No thymine Contains genetic code Carries code from Stays in nucleus to cytoplasm Helps with protein synthesis Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose) ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA iii. DNA is usually double stranded, RNA is usually single stranded.

Name the two scientists who received the Nobel prize for figuring out the structure of DNA JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: i. Contributions of Watson and Crick http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin http: //www. time. com/time 100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick. html

Name 3 kinds of RNA involved in translation RIBOSOMAL _________RNA Combines with proteins to form ribosomes TRANSFER _________RNA Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis MESSENGER _________RNA carries code from DNA to ribosomes Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. i. m. RNA carries information from the DNA to the ribosome. ii. t. RNA molecules bind specific amino acids and allow information in the m. RNA to be translated to a linear peptide sequence. iii. r. RNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes.

Avery, Mc. Carty, and Mac. Leod repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumonia experiment but used enzymes to destroy different kinds of molecules in heat killed bacteria before injecting them into the mice. http: //profiles. nlm. nih. gov/CC/A/A/A/Z/_/ccaaaz~. jpg Which molecule was necessary for transformation to occur? DNA What was the significance of this experiment? Showed that DNA was the genetic code molecule Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: ii. Avery-Mac. Leod-Mc. Carty experiments

Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE If this was going to make DNA what sugar would be used? ribose Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? THYMINE Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone. 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose). ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA.

Which of the following is true: In a DNA molecule A. purines always bind with purines B. pyrimidines always bind with pyrimidines C. purines always bind with pyrimidines C. 3. A. 1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G)

Image from: http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/transcription/startrans. gif RNA polymerase only works in one direction so the DNA molecule is 3’ to 5’ always READ in the _____ direction. Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes complementary m. RNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.

NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZME Adds nucleotide subunits continuously to leading strand DNA POLYMERASE III ___________ Removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides _________ DNA POLYMERASE I Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bidirectionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands.

Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE If this was going to make DNA what sugar would be used? deoxyribose Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? URACIL Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone. 2. The basic structural differences include: i. DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose). ii. RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA.

http: //images. tutorvista. com/cms/images/123/dna-base-pairing-structure. jpeg The two DNA strands are said to be ANTIPARALLEL _________ because their 3’ and 5’ ends run in opposite directions. Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The basic structural differences include: iv. The two DNA strands in double-stranded DNA are antiparallel in directionality.

http: //www. mun. ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953. jpg Name the two scientists whose bacteriophage-blender experiment helped to show that DNA was the molecule that carried the genetic code ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.

Hershey and Chase showed that DNA was the genetic code molecule by labeling DNA phage ______with radioactive 32 P and _______ protein with radioactive 35 S and following where these molecules ended up when phages infected bacteria. http: //www. accessexcellence. org/RC/VL/GG/images/HERSHEY. gif Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment. Essential knowledge 3. C. 3. Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation in the hosts. b. 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1. B. 3. ]

Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are Pyrimidines called _______ C T 3. A. 1. b. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) ii. Pyrimidines (C, T and U) have a single ring structure. Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. ©

http: //www. mun. ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953. jpg What was the significance of Hershey and Chase’s blender experiment with radioactively labeled bacteriophages? Watch a video about it if you don’t know Showed that DNA not proteins was the genetic code molecule Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment.

Which molecules make up the backbone (sides of ladder) in a DNA molecule? Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphates Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. b. DNA and RNA molecules have structural similarities and differences that define function. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Both have three components — sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base — which form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 3' and 5' ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone. Image from: http: //www. tokyo-med. ac. jp/genet/picts/dna. jpg

How is translation different in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes? Prokaryotes Translation and transcription are coupled Eukaryotes Translation and transcription happen in different places Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination.

Describe the central dogma of biology which explains how information is passed in cells. DNA→ RNA→ proteins → trait How do retroviruses display an alternate flow of information? RNA→ DNA What enzyme allows retroviruses to do this? reverse transcriptase Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 6. Genetic information in retroviruses is a special case and has an alternate flow of information: from RNA to DNA, made possible by reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that copies the viral RNA genome into DNA. This DNA integrates into the host genome and becomes transcribed and translated for the assembly of new viral progeny. [See also 3. C. 3]

Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are Purines called _______ A G 3. A. 1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure. Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. ©

Image from: http: //evolution. berkeley. edu/evosite/evo 101/images/dna_bases. gif CHARGAFF’S RULES say that ? A = T G = C 3. A. 1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) i. Purines (G and A) have a double ring structure.

Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for _______= ADENINE A _______ GUANINE = G _______ CYTOSINE = C _______ THYMINE = T URACIL = U _______ 3. A. 1. 3. Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil (A-T or A-U) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G)

Fill in the complementary DNA strand using the template below A T C G G A C T A G C C T G A T C 3. A. 1. a. 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.

Use the DNA strand to make an m. RNA message A T C T G A C T A G U A G A C U G A U C 3. A. 1. B. 4. c. Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. The enzyme RNA-polymerase reads the DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes complementary m. RNA molecules that determine the order of amino acids in the polypeptide.

A virus that infects bacteria is called a ________ BACTERIOPHAGE 3. C. 3. A. 6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1. B. 3] http: //faculty. uca. edu/~johnc/mbi 1440. htm

Viruses contain which nucleic acid as their genetic code molecule? Viruses can carry RNA or DNA 3. C. 3. A. 6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1. B. 3] http: //faculty. uca. edu/~johnc/mbi 1440. htm

http: //www. mun. ca/biology/scarr/Chase_&_Hershey_1953. jpg What was the significance of Meselson and Stahl’s heavy/light nitrogen experiment? Provided evidence for semi-conservative model for DNA replication Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand. Images from: http: //instruct 1. cit. cornell. edu/courses/biog 105/pages/demos/106/unit 01/6. dnareplicationmodels. html

How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES? PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Single chromosome Many chromosomes Circular (loop) Rod-shaped bundles In cytoplasm In nucleus (no nucleus) Histones attached No histones Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Noneukaryotic organisms have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotic organisms have multiple linear chromosomes, although in biology there are exceptions to this rule Image: © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall.

COMPARE EXAMPLE you learned about REPRESSIBLE OPERONS trp INDUCIBLE OPERONS lac Make enzymes used in catabolic/anabolic pathways? ANABOLIC CATABOLIC Repressor produced in an active or inactive form? INACTIVE PRESENCE OF TRYPTOPHAN NO LACTOSE AVAILABLE NEGATIVE What conditions are necessary for the repressor protein to become ACTIVE? THIS OPERON IS AN EXAMPLE OF POSTIVE OR NEGATIVE CONTROL? Essential knowledge 2. C. 1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes. a. Negative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable) by regulating physiological processes, returning the changing condition back to its target set point. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Operons in gene regulation

Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bidirectionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. New strand DNA polymerase Original strand DNA polymerase Growth Replication fork Nitrogenous bases Replication fork New strand Original strand The sites where strand separation and replication forks replication occur are called _______

Identify the 3 models of DNA replication shown in the diagram below semi-conservative dispersive Which of these did Meselson and Stahl’s experiment provide evidence for? semi-conservative Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. i. Replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand.

4 Tell an amino acid with FOUR codons Serine, glycine, alanine, proline, arginine, threonine Valine Tell a STOP codon UGA, UAG, UAA Which codon is always 1 st in a message? AUG This puts which amino acid in the first position in every polypeptide chain? methionine 3. A. 1. c. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include: iii. Many amino acids have more than one codon.

Use the m. RNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for: proline C C A =______ arginine C G U = _____ phenylalanine U U C = _____ alanine G C A = _____ STOP U A G = _____ 3. A. 1. c. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include: iii. Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.

Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show that the sickle cell mutation caused a change in the DNA code. He cut the gene from a person with normal hemoglobin and a person with sickle cell anemia with a restriction enzyme and compared them using RFLP analysis. Use what you know about the sickle cell mutation to EXPLAIN why the gel patterns in these people might show different numbers and lengths of fragments on a gel. SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6. 2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices

http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/4 -140318210158 -phpapp 01/95/biotechnology-4 -61 -638. jpg? cb=1395195168 Sickle cell mutation changes the DNA code so the restriction enzyme shown does not recognize that spot as a cut site. Restriction enzyme cuts the sickle cell DNA in one less spot so produces a larger fragment instead of 2 smaller fragments. SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6. 2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices

IMAGE FROM; https: //wikispaces. psu. edu/display/230/Recombinant+DNA+Technology Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show that the sickle cell mutation caused a change in the DNA code. He cut the gene from a person with normal hemoglobin and a person with sickle cell anemia with a restriction enzyme and compared them using RFLP analysis. Make a prediction about what the gel pattern from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cell allele might look like. 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6. 1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models.

Image from: http: //blog. carolinampulido. es/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Mc. Clintock 2. jpg Barbara Mc. Clintock discovered segments of DNA that can move between TRANSPOSONS chromosomes called ________ or “jumping genes” which result in new genetic recombinations. Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1. B. 3] ✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

NAME THE REPLICATION ENYZME Adds RNA primer to start copying a DNA segment ___________ PRIMASE LIGASE Joins Okazaki fragments_________ HELICASE Unwinds the DNA strand ______ Releases the strain caused by the uncoiling strand TOPOISOMERASE _________ Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information. ii. Replication requires DNA polymerase plus many other essential cellular enzymes, occurs bi-directionally, and differs in the production of the leading and lagging strands. ~ The names of the steps and particular enzymes involved beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase and topoisomerase are outside the scope of the course for the purposes of the AP Exam.

Image from: http: //www. biology. arizona. edu/molecular_bio/problem_sets/mol_genetics_of_eukaryotes/graphics/01 t. gif What modification is added to the 3’ end of an edited m-RNA which may promote export from nucleus and protect it from degradation Poly-A tail 2. In eukaryotic cells the m. RNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Addition of a poly-A tail

Bond that holds amino acid subunits together make a polypeptide bond 4. A. a. b. 2 Proteins have an amino (NH 3) end a carboxyl COOH) end, and consist of a linear sequence of amino acids connected by the formation of peptide bonds by dehydration synthesis between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent monomers.

Substances that can cause mutations are MUTAGENS called _______ Give some examples of mutagens Cigarette smoke/chew UV light X rays viruses Chemicals/pollution There are lots more! Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following: 1. b Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e. g. , mutations in the DNA.

________ are changes in the MUTATIONS genetic material. Tell some ways that mutations can happen in DNA. Errors in replication that aren’t repaired External factors can damage DNA UV light- T-T dimers X rays viruses- HPV Mutagens/Carcinogens- Chemicals/pollution Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following: 1. b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e. g. , mutations in the DNA.

Tell the kind of mutation shown: http: //www. biology-online. org/2/8_mutations. htm deletion Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1]

Image from: http: //www. biology-online. org/2/8_mutations. htm Tell the kind of mutation shown: Segment flips and reattaches backwards INVERSION Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1]

http: //www. biology-online. org/2/8_mutations. htm Tell the kind of mutation shown: A T T C G A G C T → A T T C T A G C T SUBSTITUTION Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1]

Image from: http: //www. biology-online. org/2/8_mutations. htm Tell the kind of mutation shown: INSERTION/duplication Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1]

Image from: http: //www. biology-online. org/2/8_mutations. htm Tell the kind of mutation shown Segment breaks off and joins a different non-homologous chromosome TRANSLOCATION Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1]

Mutation that causes a rearrangement in the reading frame and the code to be misread. Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1]

Mutation #1 is an example of which type of mutation you learned about? Substitution Mutation #2 is an example of which type of mutation you learned about? Insertion Both of these mutations put an Adenine (A) where it doesn’t belong in the code. How do EACH of these change the message produced? Substitution changes just one codon in message; Insertion is a frame shift that changes all the codons that follow the insertion Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1] SP 1. The student can use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems.

Mutation #1 and #2 above are both frame shift mutations. Explain which of these would be the most damaging? A frame shift mutation changes all the codons that follow the insertion in the m. RNA transcribed from this DNA. So an insertion at the beginning of a gene disrupts more of the codons in the message than one at the end. Essential knowledge 3. C. 1. Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype a. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the protein produced and the consequent phenotype. [See also 3. A. 1] SP 1. The student can use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems.

How is the production of m. RNA’s different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES translation immediate coupled to transcription m. RNA must pass out of nucleus before translation In cytoplasm/no nucleus No m. RNA processing in nucleus pre-m. RNA is processed -introns removed -poly-A tail/GTP cap 3. A. 1. c. 2. In eukaryotic cells the m. RNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. 3. Translation of the m. RNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination.

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene expression in the lac operon . Watch a video if you need help Which of the following shows the lac repressor when it is ACTIVE? If NO lactose is present there is no need to make lactose digesting enzymes. So the operon is “turned off” ~ repressor is in active form when LACTOSE IS NOT PRESENT. LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4] SP 6. 4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. SP 1. 4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene expression in the trp operon . Watch a video if you need help Which of the following shows the trp repressor when it is ACTIVE? If tryptophan IS available there is no need to make the enzymes for tryptophan production So the operon is “turned off” ~ repressor is in active form when TRYPTOPHAN IS PRESENT. LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4] SP 6. 4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. SP 1. 4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene expression in the lac operon . The lac operon is INDUCIBLE. Explain what that means. OPERON IS USUALLY OFF BUT CAN BE TURNED ON. Repressor is produced in active form. Watch a video if you need help LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4] SP 6. 4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. SP 1. 4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene expression in the trp operon . The trp operon is REPRESSIBLE Explain what that means. OPERON IS USUALLY ON AND CAN BE TURNED OFF. Repressor is produced in inactive form. Watch a video if you need help LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4] SP 6. 4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. SP 1. 4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene expression in the trp operon . What is the function of the regulatory gene located upstream from the trp operator and promoter? Code for the repressor protein that turns this operon ON or OFF 3. B. 1. a. 2. A regulatory gene is a sequence of DNA encoding a regulatory protein or RNA. LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4]

You used pool noodles to model gene expression in the lac operon. Where does the repressor sit when the operon is “TURNED OFF”? OPERATOR SITE 3. B. 1. b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function. LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4]

Image from: http: //faculty. quinnipiac. edu/health/biology/buckley/bi_571/control_prok_genes/img 057. gif Using regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and stimulate transcription or “turn on” genes is an POSITIVE example of _________ control. POSITIVE NEGATIVE 3. B. 1. b. Both positive and negative control mechanisms regulate gene expression in bacteria and viruses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 5. Regulatory proteins stimulate gene expression by binding to DNA and stimulating transcription (positive control) or binding to repressors to inactivate repressor function

You used pool noodles to model gene expression in the lac operon. Where does RNA Polymerase set down to start transcription when the operon is “TURNED ON”? PROMOTER site RNA Polymerase LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4] SP 6. 4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. SP 1. 4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene expression in the trp operon . EXPLAIN how the presence of tryptophan affects the trp operon. Tryptophan is a necessary amino acid. Most of the time the trp operon is “turned on” to make enzymes for tryptophan production. If TRYPTOPHAN IS AVAILABLE there is no need to make these enzymes. So presence of tryptophan activates repressor and THE OPERON IS “TURNED OFF” Watch a video if you need help LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4] SP 6. 4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. SP 1. 4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

In class you used pool noodles to model the regulation of gene expression in the lac operon . EXPLAIN how the presence of LACTOSE affects the lac operon Cells don’t need lactose digesting enzymes if there is no lactose available so the lac repressor is made in the active form and the operon is usually “turned off”. If LACTOSE IS PRESENT, the repressor protein is made inactive and the OPERON IS “TURNED ON”. Watch a video if you need help LO 3. 23 The student can use representations to describe mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression. [See SP 1. 4] SP 6. 4 Student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. SP 1. 4 Student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively

http: //bio 3400. nicerweb. net/bio 1151/Locked/media/ch 18/18_07 Lamda. Lytic. Lyso. Cycle. jpg Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage. lysogenic 3. C. 3. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Some viruses are able to integrate into the host DNA and establish a latent (lysogenic) infection. These latent viral genomes can result in new properties for the host such as increased pathogenicity in bacteria.

Sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and begins transcription promoter Promoter sequence in eukaryotic DNA crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex TATA box Essential knowledge 3. B. 1: Gene regulation results in differential gene expression, leading to cell specialization. a. Both DNA regulatory sequences, regulatory genes, and small regulatory RNAs are involved in gene expression.

http: //bio 3400. nicerweb. net/bio 1151/Locked/media/ch 18/18_07 Lamda. Lytic. Lyso. Cycle. jpg Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage. lytic 3. C. 3. a. 2. Viruses replicate via a component assembly model allowing one virus to produce many progeny simultaneously via the lytic cycle. .

Image from: https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/737/flashcards/1944737/png/transformation 1352235811443. png The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which naked DNA is incorporation into a bacterium is called TRANSFORMATION ________ Enduring understanding 3. C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1. B. 3]

Image from: https: //www. withfriendship. com/images/i/40591/Bacterial-conjugation-wallpaper. jpg The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is passed directly from one bacterium to another via a CONJUGATION sex pillus is called ________ Enduring understanding 3. C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1. B. 3]

http: //spot. pcc. edu/~jvolpe/b/bi 234/lec/hw/thymine. Dimer. jpg Mutation caused by UV light which distorts the shape of the DNA molecule Thymine dimer 3. C. 1. a. 1. b. Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random changes, e. g. , mutations in the DNA.

Making a DNA copy = _______ replication Using DNA code to transcription make an RNA = __________ Using an RNA message translation to make a protein = ________

Give some examples of products produced using genetic engineering to benefit humans Genetically modified food EX: Golden rice Transgenic organisms EX: oil spill eating bacteria Pharmaceuticals EX: bacteria that produce human growth hormone, insulin, blood clotting factors Agriculture: EX: tomatoes with antifreeze gene, herbicide resistant corn 3. A. 1. f. Illustrative examples of products of genetic engineering include: • Genetically modified foods • Transgenic animals • Cloned animals • Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X

Image from: https: //ib-biology 2010 -12. wikispaces. com/file/view/polysome. gif/214477522/polysome. gif Arrangement of multiple ribosomes translating a prokaryotic m. RNA at the same time polyribosomes 3. A. 1. c. 3. Translation of the m. RNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome.

http: //www. ebi. ac. uk/interpro/potm/2006_9/Page 1_files/image 008. jpg What happens to the incoming amino acid after the t. RNA positions it in the A site? It is joined to the growing polypeptide chain by a peptide bond and transferred to the P site 3. A. 1. c. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include: v. The amino acid is transferred to the growing peptide chain.

Sequences of DNA that is NOT involved in coding for a protein which are cut of the pre-m. RNA molecule before it is read by the ribosomes intron Where does transcription happen in eukaryotic cells? nucleus

http: //www. proteinsynthesis. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/protein-synthesis-steps-initiation-300 x 170. jpg During the first step of translation the m. RNA interacts with the small ribosomal subunit at the start codon. This is called INITIATION __________ The AUG start codon always puts METHIONINE in the first position in a _______ polypeptide chain. 3. A. 1. c. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination. The salient features include: i. The m. RNA interacts with the r. RNA of the ribosome to initiate translation at the (start) codon. iii. . Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart.

Image from: https: //s 3. amazonaws. com/classconnection/216/flashcards/4943216/jpg/27_11 transduction_4 -l-1492 B 329 E 510056 FD 0 C. jpg The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is moved from one bacterium to another via viral infection is called TRANSDUCTION ________ Essential knowledge 3. C. 3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell. [See also 1. B. 3] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Transduction in bacteria

Enzyme that adds nucleotide subunits to an RNA primer during replication DNA polymerase III Another name for protein synthesis translation

Name the TWO kinds of molecules that combine to make ribosomes Ribosomal RNA and proteins Segments formed when the lagging strand is copied Okazaki fragments Complex made of sn. RNP’s and proteins that edits and removes introns spliceosome

Macromolecule made by joining amino acid subunits together protein Small molecules made of RNA and proteins that recognize splice sites on pre-m. RNA’s and combine with other proteins to make spliceosomes Small ribonucleoproteins (sn. RNP’s)

Scientists use PCR for what purpose? Make multiple copies (amplify) a small sample of DNA In lab you used PCR to amplify DNA from the family with Niemann-Pick disorder. In order for the PCR machine to make multiple copies of the DNA, what needs to be part of the reaction mix that is added to the DNA nucleotides, primers, Taq polymerase Watch a video about PCR Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Give some examples of products produced using genetic engineering to benefit humans Genetically modified food EX: Golden rice Transgenic organisms EX: oil spill eating bacteria Pharmaceuticals EX: bacteria that produce human growth hormone, insulin, blood clotting factors Agriculture: EX: tomatoes with antifreeze gene, herbicide resistant corn 3. A. 1. f. Illustrative examples of products of genetic engineering include: • Genetically modified foods • Transgenic animals • Cloned animals • Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X

Bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class: predict what will happen on these plates These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid Bacteria that have picked up the plasmid with amp. R gene can grow here. Those w/o the plasmid will not be able to grow. Bacteria that have picked up the plasmid can grow here. Arabinose causes bacteria to “glow” Bacteria w/o the plasmid containing the amp. R gene can’t grow here. Bacteria w/o the plasmid are able to grow creating a “lawn” 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, E. coli bacteria were induced to pick up the p. GLO plasmid and plated on the following media. LB nutrient broth + ampicillin + arabinose On which of these plates would you expect to see bacteria expressing the GFP gene? E. coli with the p. GLO plasmid could grow on all of these, but would only glow on the plate with arabinose added because this sugar turns on the ara gene which also results in the expression of the “glowing” gene. 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [

EXPLAIN the relationship between FRAGMENT SIZE and DISTANCE MOVED on a gel. Smaller fragments move faster and farther along the gel 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

If C is the parent of B, who is the other parent? A 1 A 2 A 3 FROM; http: //www. slideshare. net/thelawofscience/biotechnology-dna-fingerprinting 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

EXPLAIN why DNA fragments move along the gel toward the POSITIVE pole when an electric current is applied to the gel. - Phosphate groups in DNA Backbone have a negative charge which is attracted to the positive pole. + 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

FROM; http: //www. slideshare. net/thelawofscience/biotechnology-dna-fingerprinting Which person is the most likely suspect in this crime? 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, E. coli bacteria were treated with Ca. Cl 2 solution and “heat shocked”. What was the purpose of doing this? These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

• Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: g is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Genetic information is stored in and passed to subsequent generations through DNA molecules and, in some cases, RNA molecules. • 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: i. Contributions of Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin on the structure of DNA