AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport Kelly Riedell

AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Remember: Biology is more than "just the facts". It's all about connections. (That said. . . you have to know the vocab and concepts to be able to see the "big picture" and make those connections)

Name the kind of transport that moves molecules from high concentration to low across a membrane without using energy and without the help of any carriers or vesicles DIFFUSION

mass of a dissolved substance in a given volume Image by Riedell concentration The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space Concentration gradient VOCAB

Campbell Concept check After the cell is placed in the beaker, which of the following changes will occur? A. The artificial cell will become more flaccid. B. The artificial cell will become more turgid. C. Some water molecules will flow out of the cell, but the majority will flow in. D. The membrane potential will decrease E. In spite of the inability of sucrose to cross the cell membrane, eventually the two solutions will become isotonic. B, C, E are correct 2. B. 2. a. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12. The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Images from: http: //oerpub. github. io/epubjs-demo-book/resources/1225_Chemical_Synapse. jpg Increased Ca++ at the presynaptic terminal causes the release of chemical signals called neurotransmitters _________ into the synaptic cleft. These are released by which type of transport process shown by C in the diagram? exocytosis It is passive active Essential knowledge 3. E. 2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. LO 3. 44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1. 2] LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1. 2]

http: //www. uic. edu/classes/bios 100/lecturesf 04 am/sucrosepump. jpg Name this kind of transport in which transport of one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the movement of another moving UP the gradient. cotransport VOCAB

Diffusion continues until the concentration of molecules is equal throughout the space. This is called _______ equilibrium Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes.

http: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC 040844/animalcells. htm Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane. 2. B. 1. b. 1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

This egg shrank smaller because it hypertonic was placed in a _______ liquid. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

This type of transport which opens in response to a signal and forms a “tunnel” through the membrane to let ions in Gated ion channel or out is called a(n) ________ Name some types of signals that could open the gate Signals can be electrical OR chemical (ligands) How are gated ion channels used in sending a nerve signal? In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. This is passed along the nerve axon toward the synapse at end 3. E. 2. b. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. This is passed along the nerve axon toward the synapse at end LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information

http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html#Vesicle-mediated%20 transport The pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in plant cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is plasmolysis called ____________ A plant cell that has lost water and is “limp” is called ___________ flaccid VOCAB

Electrogenic pumps create voltage across cell membranes making the cytoplasm more negative ________ than the extracellular fluid. negative positive The water potential ψ for pure water at zero atmospheric pressure is ______ decreases The addition of solutes ______ the solute potential. increases decreases

Image from: http: //baileyb. pbworks. com/f/1391453862/Cell%20 Surface%20 to%20 volume. gif Explain the relationship between cell size and surface area/volume ratios. As cells increase in size both surface area and volume increase, but volume increases at a faster rate. So SA/volume ratio decreases as cells grow bigger. Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2. 6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [See SP 2. 2]

Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion Channels and carriers Which of these would increase membrane fluidity? a) greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids A b) greater proportion of saturated phospholipids c) a lower temperature d) relatively high protein content in membrane e) greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses Campbell Ch 7 self quiz

http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html#Vesicle-mediated%20 transport The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic increase environment _______ the osmotic pressure inside the cell increases decreases turgid We would say the cell is ____ turgid flaccid VOCAB

Images from: http: //oerpub. github. io/epubjs-demo-book/resources/1225_Chemical_Synapse. jpg Depolarization of nerve cell membrane causes the A protein in the diagram to allow the influx of which ion to trigger the release neurotransmitters? Ca++ Which type of transporter protein is this? ION CHANNEL It is passive active Essential knowledge 3. E. 2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. LO 3. 44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1. 2] LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1. 2]

Which type of transport maintains the membrane potential in animal cells? Sodium-potassium pump Molecules that bind specifically to a receptor site ligands on another molecule are called ______ Name the kind of bulk transport process you learned about in which ligands are involved in the uptake of molecules Receptor mediated endocytosis

http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html#Vesicle-mediated%20 transport The swelling and bursting of animal cells when placed in a cytolysis hypotonic environment is called _________ The shrinking and shriveling up of animal cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is called __________ crenation VOCAB

Carrier proteins like this one are integral proteins. _____ Integral peripheral Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across membranes in cells by Diffusion _________ VOCAB

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/rectpr. htm Name this kind of transport that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances Receptor mediated endocytosis The molecules that bind to these receptors are called _____ ligands Give an example of a molecule that moves into Cholesterol cells in this way _________ LDL ligands bind receptors and attached cholesterol is taken into cell 2. B. 2. b. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. 2. B. 2. c The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively 2. B. 2. c. 1. 2 In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

This egg grew bigger because it was placed in a _______ liquid. hypotonic Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

USE lower and higher to complete the following: Water always moves from an area with ____ water potential to an area with higher _______ water potential. lower Water with solutes dissolved in it in an open lower beaker will have a ______water potential than distilled water.

http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan. gif Which kind of membrane protein binds glucose, changes conformation, and flips it across the membrane? Carrier protein Which kind of membrane protein that moves Ca++ or Cl- passively across membranes Ion channels 2. B. 2. a. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.

Image from: http: //www. quia. com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/membranetransport/aquaporin. gif Explain why water molecules can’t move across cell membranes without the help of aquaporin channel proteins. Water is a polar molecule and therefore can’t pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid tails in the middle of the lipid bilayer. Aquaporins provide a way through without touching those phobic tails. LO 2. 10 The student is able to use representations and models to pose scientific questions about the properties of cell membranes and selective permeability based on molecular structure [See SP 1. 4, 3. 1]

Tell if the transport uses Vesicles membrane proteins Needs NO HELP membrane protein Facilitated diffusion __________ membrane protein (aquaporins) Osmosis __________ membrane protein Na + - K+ pump __________ needs no help Diffusion __________ vesicle Endocytosis ____________ Exocytosis ____________ vesicle membrane protein Ion channels ____________ membrane protein Proton pump _________ Cotransport _________ membrane protein Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.

Image from: http: //www. d. umn. edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membrane. Images/jpegimages/diffusionmedium. jpg A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called ________ Semi permeable OR selectively permeable Which part of a cell membrane is responsible for this property? Phobic tails of the phospholipids Essential knowledge 2. B. 1. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure , as described by the fluid mosaic model [ See also 4. A. 1]

Describes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity p. H Vocab

Image from: https: //askabiologist. asu. edu/sites/default/files/resources/activities/body_depot/venom/aquaporin_cartoon_large. jpg Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups in the integral proteins that make up transport proteins in cell membranes. Essential knowledge 4. A. 1. The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. . a. 2 The R groups of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic and ionic) and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein [1. D. 1, 2. A. 3, 2. B. 1] 2. B. 1. 3. Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, with charged and polar side groups, or hydrophobic, with nponpolar side groups

http: //www. biologymad. com/Nervous. System/nakpump. gif Name this kind of transport Sodium-potassium pump Give an example of how this might be used in a cell. Na+-K+ pumps are main electrogenic pumps in eukaryotic cells. Ex: In nerve cells they set up the potential across cell membranes which allows the nerve cell to then be depolarized to send a nerve signal. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. 1. Active transport is a process where free energy (often provided by ATP) is used by proteins embedded in the membrane to "move" molecules and/or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. Essential knowledge 3. E. 2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. 3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.

Animation from: http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html http: //www. accs. net/users/kriel/chapter%20 nine/ Name this kind of transport used by bacteria or protists to take in food or white blood cells to engulf bacteria Endocytosis (phagocytosis) Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane

Image from: http: //www. quia. com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/membranetransport/aquaporin. gif Process by which water molecules move from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. osmosis passive transport. Osmosis is _______ Name the membrane channel proteins that help move water across membranes. aquaporins 2. B. 2. a Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2. B. 2. a. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2. B. 1. b. 4 Water moves across membranes and through channel proteins called aquaporins

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT Decreasing extracellular p. H would have what effect on sucrose transport into the cell? Movement of sucrose into cell is dependent on H+ ions moving down their concentration gradient. More H+ ions outside cell means more sucrose transport in. DECREASING extracellular p. H means there are MORE H+ ions outside the cell. So this would increase the movement of sucrose in. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively is investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

Campbell Concept check An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disacchride sucrose. Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell? Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell? fructose glucose 2. B. 2. a. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12. The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

ID this kind of transport EXOCYTOSIS INSIDE CELL OUTSIDE CELL Substance is put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE Name an organelle that uses this kind of transport to transport substances Golgi Bodies 4. A. 2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes

Explain how contractile vacuoles function in osmoregulation in single celled protists. http: //www. microscopy-uk. org. uk/mag/imgjun 99/vidjun 1. gif Organisms that live in fresh water (hypotonic) environments constantly have water entering their cells. Contractile vacuoles collect excess water and squeeze to release it back into pond to maintain the balance of ions and water. 2. B. 2. a. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12. The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Use what you know about diffusion of molecules to predict which way the oxygen and carbon dioxide will move in your body. http: //www. le. ac. uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case 2/2_2. html O 2 and CO 2 are both able to move passively across cell membranes without assistance. Molecules always move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration O 2 concentrations are higher in alveoli than in blood. CO 2 concentrations are higher in the blood than in alveoli. O 2 will move from alveoli into blood stream. CO 2 will move from blood stream into alveoli. Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. a. 4. Small, uncharged polar molecules and small nonpolar molecules, such as N 2, freely pass across the membrane. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of resources and the export of wastes. 4. B. 2. 2. Within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes to the over all functioning of the organism Illustrative example: Exchange of gases LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

Campbell Concept check An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disaccharide sucrose. Which solution-the cell or the environment- is hypertonic to the other? Cell (0. 05 M) is hypertonic to the environment (0. 03 M) In which direction will there be a net osmotic movement of water? Water will move into the cell 2. B. 2. a. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12. The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Image from: http: //www. biology 4 kids. com/files/cell_vacuole. html Putting plant cells into a HYPOTONIC solution will enter cell cause water to _____ enter cell leave cell increase in turgor pressure. This will cause a(n) _______ central vacuole provides the Storing water in its _______ pressure to hold plant upright. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Image from: http: //www. lionden. com/graphics/AP/receptor. gif Which of the molecules in this animation represent the ligand? Red hexagon Which of these represent the receptor? Yellow This ligand is likely ______ Hydrophilic hydrophobic hydrophilic Hydrophobic signal molecules can pass through plasma membrane Hydrophilic ones stay outside cell and pass their signal through surface receptors. Essential knowledge 3. D. 3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein's shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • G-protein linked receptors LO 3. 34 The student is able to construct explanations of cell communication through cell-to-cell contact or through chemical signaling. [See SP 6. 2]

Explain how hydrophilic hormones differ from hydrophobic ones in their interaction with receptors Hydrophilic hormones attach to receptors on the cell surface which pass the signal internally by interacting with other proteins (EX: G-proteins or tyrosine kinases) Hydrophobic hormones can pass through cell membranes and interact with intracellular receptors. Give an example of a second messenger. Cyclic AMP (c-AMP) or Ca++

http: //www. microscopy-uk. org. uk/mag/imgjun 99/vidjun 1. gif Campbell Concept check 7. 3 If a Paramecium were to move from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would contractile vacuole activity increase or decrease? WHY? It would decrease, because less water would be entering Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

Which two molecules are the main components in cell plasma membranes? Phospholipids and proteins What is the function of the plasma membrane? Control what enters and leaves cell compartmentalization (separates inside /outside) Essential knowledge 2. B. 1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. a. Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4. A. 1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT How might adding an inhibitor that blocks the regeneration of ATP impact sucrose transport into the cell? Movement of sucrose into cell is dependent on the H+ gradient created by the proton pumps which require ATP to pump H+ ions out of the cell. If availability of ATP is blocked no H+ gradient will be created and sucrose transport into cell will be decreased. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively is investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html This type of transport is called Endocytosis ______ It’s a kind of bulk transport ACTIVE It is a type of_____ transport active passive Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Graph from: http: //www 2. sluh. org/bioweb/apbio/labs/apl 01 potatocoregraph. png hypertonic This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Which solution contained a concentration equal to the concentration in the potatoes? EXPLAIN C- potatoes in this solution didn’t change mass because potatoes were in a solution that was isotonic (concentration in solution = concentration in potatoes Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

ID the kind of transport shown http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html EXOCYTOSIS INSIDE OUTSIDE CELL Substance is put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE Name an organelle that uses this kind of transport Golgi Bodies Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE Facilitated diffusion ______ Osmosis ______ PASSIVE ACTIVE Na+ - K+ pump _____ PASSIVE Diffusion _____ ACTIVE Endocytosis ____ ACTIVE Exocytosis ____ PASSIVE Ion channels _____ ACTIVE Proton pump _____ Cotransport _____ ACTIVE PASSIVE Aquaporins _____ Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a animal cell in a hypertonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic This cell will probably ______ shrink swell & burst stay the same size crenation This process is called _______ Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes

______ transport can ACTIVE move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient. Active Passive PASSIVE ______ transport does not require energy from ATP. Active Passive Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration

https: //www. quia. com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/membranetransport/cell_communication/recept_transd_resp_UL. gif Name the 3 parts of a signal transduction pathway 1 - Reception 2 - transduction 3 - Response ligand The signal molecule is called a ________

______ transport can PASSIVE moves molecules DOWN the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration Active Passive ACTIVE transport requires energy _____ from ATP. Active Passive Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration

ID this type of transport http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/endocytb. htm ENDOCYTOSIS Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle If these green/blue dots represent small molecule or fluids this would be called PINOCYTOSIS _________ Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

The dots in the diagrams below represent solute dissolved in liquid. LABEL THE TONICITY OF THE LIQUID FOUND OUTSIDE THE CELLS HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells.

KINASES ______ are enzymes that add phosphate groups to other molecules. PHOSPHODIESTERASES __________ are enzymes that remove phosphate groups.

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -i. CRT Explain what the symbols and letters in the water potential equations stand for. Water potential Ψ = ______ Solute potential Ψs = _________ Pressure potential Ψp = __________ Ionization constant i = _________ = 1 for molecules that don’t ionize (glucose); 2 if they do (Na. Cl) Concentration (moles) C= ____________ Water potential constant = 0. 0831 R= ____________ Temperature °K (add temp to 273) T = ____________ LO. 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Black dots in this diagram represent dissolved solutes. This diagram represents an isotonic animal cell in a _____ solution. It will probably _______ stay the same size Undergo cytolysis Undergo plasmolysis stay the same size Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Image from: http: //baileyb. pbworks. com/f/1391453862/Cell%20 Surface%20 to%20 volume. gif Which of these cells would have the greatest surface area/volume ratio? Smallest cell has largest SA/vol ratio. Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2. 6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [See SP 2. 2] LO 2. 7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6. 2]

HOW are pumps different from facilitated diffusion carriers and channels? Pumps require energy (active transport) and carriers and channels don’t need energy (passive transport) Pumps can move molecules against their gradient (low →high) Carriers/channels move down the gradient (high → low) 2. B. 2. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2. B. 2. a. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2. B. 2. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration 2. B. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a animal cell in a hypotonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic This cell will probably ______ Swell & burst shrink swell & burst stay the same size cytolysis This process is called _______ Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells.

Image from: https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/originals/40/1 d/8 e/401 d 8 e 4 e 0 b 4201 a 6 f 69 cfe 4 a 31 cd 0750. jpg Ocean water has a greater concentration of dissolved solutes than the organisms that live HYPER there so salt water fish live in a _______tonic environment. hypo hyper iso Will water move into or out of this kind of fish? Greater concentration of solute molecules outside than in the fish’s cells Water will leave the fish’s cells Salt water fish rarely urinate and actively pump ions out through their gills to maintain homeostasis. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -i. CRT What is the WATER potential for a GLUCOSE solution that is 0. 1 M in an open beaker at 22°C? Ψs = -i. CRT - (1) (0. 0831) (0. 1) (295) = -2. 45 bars Ψs = 0 in open beaker Ψ = Ψs + Ψp = -2. 45 + 0 = -2. 45 bars LO. 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a plant cell in a hypertonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic The cell membrane will away from the cell wall probably shrink ________ shrink away from the cell wall swell & burst stay the same size decrease The osmotic pressure in this cell ______ increase decrease plasmolysis This process is called _________ • Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. • LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Give some examples some different kinds of membrane proteins that help move molecules across cell membranes Carrier proteins, ion channels, aquaporins, pumps (gated passive not gated) passive active Which of these require energy from ATP? Which don’t require energy? 2. B. 2. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2. B. 2. a. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2. B. 2. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration 2. B. 2. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

Which kind of membrane protein used to move H+ ions to cross membranes against their gradient? Proton pump Which kind of membrane protein that moves Ca++ or Cl- passively across membranes Ion channels 2. B. 2. a. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane.

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents an plant cell in a hypotonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic The osmotic pressure in this cell ______ increase decrease What prevents plant cells from undergoing cytolysis? They have a study cell wall surrounding the cell • Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. • LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/exocy. htm This type of transport is called exocytosis ________ ACTIVE transport It is a type of_____ active passive Name the cell part that uses this kind of transport for the export of molecules out of cells. Golgi body (complex) Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: . 1. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large macromolecules out of the cell.

Graph from: http: //www 2. sluh. org/bioweb/apbio/labs/apl 01 potatocoregraph. png hypertonic This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Which solution contained the greatest concentration of sucrose? EXPLAIN E- potatoes in this solution lost the most mass. Solution with the most solute concentration compared to the potatoes has a lower Ψ compared to the potatoes and water from the potatoes will move toward it casing the greatest % mass change. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

ID this kind of transport http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html ENDOCYTOSIS Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle If the green square represents a large molecule or a whole cell this would be called ________ PHAGOCYTOSIS Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. c. The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Look at the diagram showing sucrose COTRANSPORT Decreasing the extracellular sucrose concentration would have what effect on sucrose transport into the cell? If there is less sucrose available for transport this would decrease the amount of sucrose moving into the cell LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively is investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a plant cell in a hypertonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic The cell membrane will away from the cell wall probably shrink ________ shrink away from the cell wall swell & burst stay the same size decrease The osmotic pressure in this cell ______ increase decrease plasmolysis This process is called _________ Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a plant cell hypotonic solution. in a _____ hypotonic isotonic hypertonic enter Water will ____ this plant cell enter leave increase The osmotic pressure in this cell ______ increase decrease What keeps a plant cell from swelling and bursting? Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells.

Explain how the structure and chemical properties of a substance determine whether it will be able to cross a cell membrane on its own or will require the help of a membrane protein or vesicle. Molecules that are small and non-polar can pass easily across membranes by simple diffusion. Molecules that are large or polar or have an electric charge (like ions) can’t pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid tails and require help. LO 2. 10 The student is able to use representations and models to connect the movement of molecules across membranes with membrane structures and function [ See SP 1. 1, 7. 2] 2. B. 1. b. Small, uncharged polar molecules and small nonpolar molecules such as as N 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances such as large polar molecules and ions move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. Water moves across membranes and through channel proteins called aquaporins

https: //www. pinterest. com/pin/50313720816861027/

Image from: http: //bioserv. fiu. edu/~walterm/B/cell_components/4. 3%20 Effect%20 of%20 cell%20 size%20 on%20 s. JPG Explain the relationship between cell size, surface area/volume ratio, and mitosis. 2 smaller cells have a greater SA/vol than 1 big cell As cells increase in size their SA/vol ratio decreases making it harder for them to obtain the nutrients/oxygen needed. When this ratio gets too small, cell undergoes mitosis. Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2. 7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6. 2]

ID this type of transport Na+ - K + pump Energy from ATP is used to move 3 Na + ions OUT of the cell and carry 2 K + ions INTO the cell This pump is the main electrogenic pump used in _______ cells. animal plant animal

Graph from: http: //www 2. sluh. org/bioweb/apbio/labs/apl 01 potatocoregraph. png hypertonic This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Which solution contained the lowest concentration of sucrose? EXPLAIN A- potatoes in this solution showed the greatest % mass change. Solution with the least solute concentration compared to the potatoes has a higher highest Ψ than the potatoes and water will move into potatoes causing them to gain mass. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Name a kind of transport that uses vesicles to move substances across a membrane exocytosis endocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis (pinocytosis & phagocytosis) Which of these require energy? Which don’t? All of these require energy 2. B. 2. b. Active transport requires free energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration 2. B. 2. c The process of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete large molecules out of the cell. 2. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particular matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

The volume of both of these “cells” is the same. = 8 cm 3 2 cm X 2 cm 1 cm X 8 cm Which would have the largest SA/vol ratio? 1 cm X 8 cm cell- It has more surface area for the same volume. Essential knowledge 2. A. 3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size. 2. The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment. LO 2. 6 The student is able to use calculated surface area-to-volume ratios to predict which cell(s) might eliminate wastes or procure nutrients faster by diffusion. [See SP 2. 2] LO 2. 7 Students will be able to explain how cell size and shape affect the overall rate of nutrient intake and the rate of waste elimination. [See SP 6. 2]

In what way do the various membranes of a eukaryotic cell differ? A. Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes B B. Certain proteins are unique to each membrane C. Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable. D. Only certain membranes are constructed from amphipathic molecules E. Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm; while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm. Campbell Concept check

A freshwater fish has about 1% salt in his body. Fresh water is close to 0% salt. Will water move into or out of this kind of fish? Freshwater is HYPOTONIC compared to fish’s cells. Water will move INTO the fish’s cells Freshwater fish must urinate frequently and actively pump ions in through their gills to maintain homeostasis. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes. [See SP 1. 4]

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -i. CRT What is the SOLUTE potential for a 0. 5 M solution of SODIUM CHLORIDE at 10°C that is in an open beaker? ! Ψs = -i. CRT i=2 because Na. Cl ionizes = - (2) (0. 0831) (0. 5) (283) = -23. 52 bars LO. 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

MAKE CONNECTIONS: Transport, Water Potential, Cell signaling Vibrio cholerae is a bacterium that causes death as a result of severe vomiting and diarrhea. When cholera toxin is released by the bacteria in the intestine, it binds to a receptor on the surface of epithelial cells lining the intestine and is taken into the intestinal cells via endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the toxin activates the G protein, locking it into to GTP-bound form, causing adenylate cyclase to continually make c. AMP. High c. AMP levels activate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane transport protein which causes a dramatic release of Cl- ions into the intestinal lumen. EXPLAIN why this would cause diarrhea.

MAKE CONNECTIONS: Transport, Water Potential, Cell signaling SOLUTE SUCKS. Huge efflux of ions out of cell into intestinal lumen pulls water along with it. Patients die of severe dehydration from diarrhea. Essential knowledge 3. D. 4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response. a. Conditions where signal transduction is blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative or prophylactic. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera LO 3. 38 The student is able to describe a model that expresses key elements to show change in signal transduction can alter cellular response. [See SP 1. 5]

Draw a picture of a simple reflex arc. Label the sensory neuron, motor neuron, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, interneuron, spinal cord, receptor, and motor end plate. Use arrows to show the direction of the impulse. EXPLAIN what happens LO 3. 43 The student is able to construct an explanation, based on scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 6. 2, 7. 1] LO 3. 44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1. 2] LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1. 2] LO 3. 46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response. [See SP 1. 2] LO 3. 47 The student is able to create a visual representation of complex nervous systems to describe/explain how these systems detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 1. 1] LO 3. 48 The student is able to create a visual representation to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1. 1]

Image from: http: //image. tutorvista. com/content/feed/u 1406/reflex%20 arc. jpg REFLEX ARC AUTOMATIC RESPONSE INVOLVING SMALL NUMBER OF NERVES AND SPINAL CORD RECEPTORS in skin detect stimulus (heat, pin prick, etc) Message travels via SENSORY (AFFERENT) nerve to SPINAL CORD Passes through INTERNEURON in SPINAL CORD to MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE Travels via MOTOR NERVE to MOTOR END PLATE in muscle to produce response (move finger)

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -i. CRT What is the WATER potential for a GLUCOSE solution that is 0. 1 M in an open beaker at 22°C? Ψs = -i. CRT - (1) (0. 0831) (0. 1) (295) = -2. 45 bars Ψs = 0 in open beaker Ψ = Ψs + Ψp = -2. 45 + 0 = -2. 45 bars LO. 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

Which beaker with potato cores is at equilibrium? Beaker 2 is at equilibrium Ψ in Beaker 2 =0 bars Ψ of Potato core (Ψs + Ψp) = 0. 5 + (-0. 5) = 0 bars What is the water potential (Ψ) of the potato core in beaker #1? Ψ of Potato core (Ψs + Ψp) = (-0. 5) + 0. 3 = -0. 2 bars What will happen to the potato core in beaker 1? EXPLAIN Potatoes in Beaker 1 will gain mass. Distilled water has Ψ = 0 Potatoes have a Ψ = -0. 2 Water moves from higher Ψ to lower Ψ Water will enter potato 0 > -0. 2 Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

What is the water potential (Ψ) of the potato core in beaker #2? Ψ of Potato core (Ψs + Ψp) = (-0. 5) + 0. 5 = 0 bars What will happen to the potato core in beaker 1? EXPLAIN Nothing Potato core is at equilibrium with solution in beaker NO net movement of water Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 3. External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells. LO 2. 12 The student is able to use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively to investigate whether dynamic homeostasis is maintained by the active movement of molecules across membranes [See SP 1. 4]

When epinephrine binds to cardiac muscle (heart) cells, it speeds up their contraction. When it binds to muscle cells of the small intestine it inhibits their contraction. How can the same hormone have different effects on muscle cells? The two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and so have different cellular responses. Essential knowledge 3. D. 3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response

Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and nonpolar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does adding unsaturated fatty acids change the shape of the molecule and impact membrane fluidity? 4. A. 1. a. 3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]

Image from: http: //images. slideplayer. com/15/4623267/slides/slide_9. jpg HEAD = polar/hydrophilic TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Unsaturated fatty acids put “kinks” in the tails; They pack less tightly together in membrane; Increase fluidity Plants that can tolerated cold and fish that live in cold places have more unsaturated FA’s in their phospholipids 4. A. 1. a. 3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]

Draw a picture of a nerve axon and show the two kinds of Na+/K+ transporters work together to polarize and depolarize a nerve cell. Which of these transporters is active/passive? 3. E. 2. b. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. . 3. E. 2. b. 3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential

POLARIZATION Na + - K+ pumps Set potential on membrane More + outside than in ACTIVE TRANSPORT requires energy DEPOLARIZATION Ion channels allow Na + and K+ to return to where they started PASSIVE TRANSPORT No energy needed Move down gradient from [high] → [low]

Name a molecule that moves across membranes using the kind of transport shown here. glucose Animation from: http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan. gif This is a type of passive _______ transport. passive active Why can’t glucose move freely across the cell membrane without the help of a transport protein? Glucose is a polar molecule and can’t pass through hydrophobic phospholipid tails without help. Essential knowledge 2. B. 2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. a. Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Glucose transport

Draw a diagram of a typical biological membrane including the lipid bilayer and both integral and peripheral proteins. Label your diagram and GIVE AN EXAMPLE of an integral and a peripheral protein you learned about. What other molecules can be found in cell membranes? 2. B. 1. b. 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural frame work of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, and cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. 2. B. 1. b. 2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself

Peripheral proteins- G protein Last ETC protein Integral proteins: transport proteins (ion channels, carriers, aquaporins, ATP synthase. . )

Other molecules in cell membranes Glycoproteins Glycolipids Cholesterol (animals)

http: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC 040844/animalcells. htm Which of these proteins is an integral protein? A; sticks into the membrane 2. B. 1. b. 1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and nonpolar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does the structure of phospholipids lead to the formation of cell membranes and their selectively permeable characteristics. 4. A. 1. a. 3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids 2. B. 1. b. 2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself

HEAD = polar/hydrophilic TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Phospholipids associate with phobic tails toward inside and polar heads to outside touching water. Phobic tails keep polar molecules/ions from passing through without help (ion channels, carriers, etc). Small non-polar molecules can pass through without help.

Which type of transport is used to create the membrane potential on a nerve cell? Na+ - K+ pump How are the charges distributed across a nerve cell membrane once this membrane potential is created? Pumps 3 Na+ ions out of cell and 2 K+ ions into cell creates an electro-chemical gradient across cell membrane. So outside is more positive, inside is more negative Which type of transport is used to depolarize the nerve cell when it receives a stimulus? GATED ION CHANNELS for Na+ and K+ 3. E. 2. b. 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. 3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential. LO 3. 43 The student is able to construct an explanation, based on scientific theories and models, about how nervous systems detect external and internal s signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. [See SP 6. 2, 7. 1] LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1. 2]

http: //msfeucht. blogspot. com/2010/08/homeostasis-and-lipid-bilayer. html

Cholesterol can be called a “temperature buffer” because at higher temperatures (like body temp) it makes the phospholipids _____ less fluid by restraining their movements. less more At lower temperatures cholesterol hinders the close packing of phospholipids so it ____ lowers the temperature required for membranes to solidify. lowers raises Essential knowledge 4. C. 1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2. B. 1, 3. A. 1, 4. A. 2] : LO 4. 22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6. 2]

http: //www. kmacgill. com/lecture_notes_17_files/image 003. jpg Proton pumps move which kind of ion across membranes ? H+ ions Why are H+ ions called protons? A hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron. If the atom loses its electron and becomes an ion, all that is left is the proton. decreases its p. H Pumping H+ ions into a space ____ decreases increases Name a cell part that you would expect to have numerous proton pumps in its membrane? Lysosomes are acidic inside to help digest molecules, unwanted cell parts, etc Essential knowledge 4. A. 2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes LO 4. 4 The student is able to make a prediction about the interactions of subcellular organelles. [See SP 6. 4]

Images from: http: //oerpub. github. io/epubjs-demo-book/resources/1225_Chemical_Synapse. jpg Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft by which kind of transport? Simple diffusion passive This is a kind of _______ passive active Give an example of a neurotransmitter Acetylcholine , Epinephrine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, GABA Essential knowledge 3. E. 2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. c. Transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. In most animals, transmission across synapses involves chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Acetylcholine • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • Serotonin • GABA LO 3. 44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1. 2] LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1. 2]

Draw a diagram showing the action potential of a nerve cell. Label polarization and depolarization. Identify what is happening to the Na+ and K+ channels on different parts of the curve. Essential knowledge 3. E. 2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. b. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized.

Draw a diagram showing the action potential of a nerve cell. Label polarization and depolarization. Identify what is happening to the Na+ and K+ channels during the process.

This type of transport which moves Na+ and K+ ions to opposite sides of the plasma membrane is called a _________ Na+ - K+ pump ACTIVE This kind of transport is _______ passive active How are Na+ - K+ pumps used in sending a nerve signal? Na+ - K+ pumps create the membrane potential by pumping 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell. After the membrane depolarizes Na+ - K+ pumps reset the membrane potential. 3. E. 2. b. 1. Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membrane. 3. E. 2. b. 3 Na+ - K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information

Animation from: http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html Name this kind of endocytosis used by bacteria to take in food or white blood cells to engulf bacteria phagocytosis VOCAB http: //www. accs. net/users/kriel/chapter%20 nine/

The voltage across a membrane is membrane potential called _________ The main electrogenic pump in animal cells is the ______ Na + - K+pump. ACTIVE This type of transport is______ passive active Essential knowledge 3. E. 2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. a. 3. Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.

http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/voltgate. htm What are some kinds of signals that can open gated ion channels ? Chemical signals (ligands) Electrical signals

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Animation from: http: //www. sp. uconn. edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem. gif Click here to See Fluidity The currently accepted model that describes cell membranes as the arrangement of constantly moving proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer or phospholipids is called the ________ model Fluid mosaic http: //www. susanahalpine. com/anim/Life/m emb. htm

http: //www. biologymad. com/Nervous. System/nakpump. gif Explain why the sodium-potassium pump is NOT considered a cotransporter. Campbell concept check 7. 4 Each ion is being transported against its gradient. If either ion were flowing DOWN its electrochemical gradient, this would be Co-transport. Cotransport couples the movement of one substance down its gradient with one moving up.

Interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins found outside the cell membrane; made up of glycoproteins, glycolipids, & collagen Extracellular matrix VOCAB

The process by which molecules MOVE from an area of HIGHER concentration to an area of LOWER concentration diffusion VOCAB http: //www. estrellamountain. edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/Bio. Booktransp. html

Solution in which the solute concentration outside the cell is LESS than inside hypotonic Animal cells placed in this liquid will _______ swell & burst swell and burst shrink stay same size

The shrinking away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell when placed in a HYPERTONIC environment plasmolysis Membrane proteins that help move molecules across cell membranes are _______ integral proteins integral peripheral

Solution in which the solute concentration outside and inside the cell is equal isotonic Osmosis and diffusion both move molecules higher to lower from a___________ concentration. lower to higher to lower

Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of Integral proteins a membrane are called _________ Living things must control the balance of water and ions in their tissues. This is called Osmoregulation (kind of homeostasis) ___________ Image from: https: //www. pinterest. com/pin/AZJM 0 Kk. Qg. Tedguoa. R 8 f. A 1 rb 9 me. I 8 z. Xb. Ax--96 e. Tt. Kmfe. Ds. OGj 6 Ddcco/

An environment in which the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal is isotonic called _________ An animal cell placed in this type of environment will ___________ stay the same size swell & burst shrink stay the same size The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable osmosis membrane is called _________

Images from: http: //oerpub. github. io/epubjs-demo-book/resources/1225_Chemical_Synapse. jpg Neurotransmitters moving across the synaptic cleft pass the signal to the postsynaptic neuron by triggering a receptor (B). What kind of transport protein is this? Ligand gated ion channel This is a kind of passive ______ transport passive active What will happen next? Influx of Na+ ions depolarizes the membrane. Na+ rush in and K+ ions rush out. This wave is passed along the axon to the next synapse Essential knowledge 3. E. 2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. 2. The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. b. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. LO 3. 44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals. [See SP 1. 2] LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information. [See SP 1. 2]

An environment in which the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside is called _________ hypertonic An animal cell placed in this type of environment will ___________ shrink swell & burst shrink stay the same size Membrane transport that requires energy is called ACTIVE ________

The Na+-K+ pump in animals causes the cytoplasm inside cells to be more ______ negative than the surrounding extracellular fluid negative positive Membrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are called __________ glycolipids In passive transport molecules always move DOWN ______ their concentration gradient. down up

An environment in which the concentration of solutes outside is less than inside the cell is hypotonic called _________ An animal cell placed in this type of environment swell and burst will ___________ swell & burst shrink stay the same size Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes are called aquaporins __________

channel Transport proteins called _______ proteins function by forminng a hydrophilic tunnel that allows charged molecules or ions to pass through the hydrophobic portion of a cell membrane. carrier Transport proteins called _______ proteins hold on to their passenger molecules, change shape, and shuttle them across the membrane. As a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands Exocytosis; when vesicles fuse with membrane via __________. endocytosis exocytosis they become part of the membrane Campbell Concept check 7. 5

Name 3 kinds of passive transport Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion Name 3 kinds of active transport Na+-K+ pump, co-transport, bulk transport, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis Ion channels that open or close in response to a gated signal are called __________

A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane is called an ____________ Electrogenic pump When nerve cells establish a voltage across their membrane with a sodium-potassium pump, does this pump use ATP or produce ATP? Campbell Concept check The pump uses ATP. To establish a voltage, ions would have to be pumped against their gradient, which requires energy

http: //www. biologymad. com/Nervous. System/nakpump. gif Name this kind of transport Sodium-potassium pump Give an example of bulk transport Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis) Exocytosis VOCAB

If this vesicle is releasing products outside the cell, this type of transport is called exocytosis ____________ If this vesicle is bringing small molecules & fluids into the cell, this type of transport is called ___________ pinocytosis http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html#Vesicle-mediated%20 transport

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/rectpr. htm Name this kind of transport that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances Receptor mediated endocytosis The molecules that bind to these receptors are ligands called ___________ Give an example of a molecule that moves into Cholesterol cells in this way _________ LDL ligands bind receptors and attached cholesterol is taken into cell

To send a signal, a neuron may carry out exocytosis of chemical signals that are recognized by a 2 nd neuron. In some cases, the 1 st neuron ends the signal by taking up the signaling molecules by endocytosis. Would you expect this to occur by pinocytosis or by receptor mediated endocytosis? EXPLAIN Campbell Concept check Receptor mediated endocytosis because in this case one specific molecule needs to be taken up at a particular time; pinocytosis takes up molecules in a non-specific manner

Name the kind of transport used by Golgi bodies in secretory cells to export their products. exocytosis Name the kind of transport used by cholesterol to enter cells Receptor mediated endocytosis Name the molecule that provides energy for active transport ATP

Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity? A A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids B. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids C. a lower temperature D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane E. a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses Campbell Concept check

The proton pump is the main electrogenic pump plant in ________ cells. plant animal Membrane proteins that span the membrane touching both sides are called transmembrane _________ proteins Name the molecules which can be attached to proteins or lipids in cell membranes and are involved in cell recognition carbohydrates

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