AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport Kelly Riedell

AP BIO Review Membranes and Transport Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Based on 2019 CED

Remember: Biology is more than "just the facts". It's all about connections. (That said. . . you have to know the vocab and concepts to be able to see the "big picture" and make those connections) Memorizing “facts” See the BIG PICTURE and make Connections!

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a animal cell in a hypotonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic This cell will probably swell ______ & possibly burst shrink swell & possibly burst stay the same size cytolysis This process is called _______ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -i. CRT Explain what the symbols and letters in the water potential equations stand for. Water potential Ψ = ______ Solute potential Ψs = _________ Pressure potential Ψp = __________ Ionization constant i = _________ = 1 for molecules that don’t ionize (glucose); 2 if they do (Na. Cl) Concentration (moles) C= ____________ Water potential constant = 0. 0831 R= ____________ Temperature °K (add °F temp to 273) T = ____________ REVELANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential

Image from: http: //www. quia. com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/membranetransport/aquaporin. gif Process by which water molecules move from higher to lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. osmosis passive transport. Osmosis is _______ Name the membrane channel proteins that help move water across membranes. aquaporins 2. B. 2. a Passive transport does not require the input of metabolic energy; the net movement of molecules is from high concentration to low concentration 2. B. 2. a. 2. Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules through a membrane 2. B. 1. b. 4 Water moves across membranes and through channel proteins called aquaporins

HOW are pumps different from facilitated diffusion carriers and channels? Pumps require energy (active transport) and carriers and channels don’t need energy (passive transport) Pumps can move molecules against their gradient (low →high) Carriers/channels move down the gradient (high → low) ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

The diagrams below represent a cell in a solution. Dots represent solute. Label the tonicity of the solution compared to the cell. Add arrows to show the net movement of water across the membrane. HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

https: //teachers. stjohns. k 12. fl. us/lyons-s/files/2018/09/AP-Bio-Cells-Practice-Test. pdf Animations from: http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan. gif Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? a. It is a peripheral membrane protein. b. It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule. c. It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function. d. It works against diffusion. e. It has few, if any, hydrophobic amino acids ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across cell membranes. ENE 2. C. 4 Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins.

Animation from: http: //www. le. ac. uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case 2/2_2. html Identify this type transport that results in gas exchange in the lungs. Simple diffusion passive transport. This is a type of ______ active passive Molecules move automatically from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration CO 2 from blood into air spaces in lungs; O 2 from air space in lungs into blood ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy.

SOLUTE POTENTIAL is also called OSMOTIC _______POTENTIAL Adding solute makes the solute potential of a solution more ______ NEGATIVE positive negative Water is more likely to flow from an area of higher water potential to an area of ____ lower ____ water potential. lower higher ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes.

https: //www. labsource. com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/small_image/250 x/17 f 82 f 742 ffe 127 f 42 dca 9 de 82 fb 58 b 1/Kimble-Chase/kimble-chase-14000 -10. jpg Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - i. CRT Calculate the (Ψs) following for a solution of 0. 5 M Na. Cl at 25 °C Ψs = - (2) (0. 5) ( 0. 0831) (273+25) = -24. 76 bars ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF TRANSPORT ION CHANNEL ENDOCYTOSIS PROTON PUMP Na+/K+ PUMP (ATPase) Charged ions like Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl- move down their gradient through the membrane via facilitated diffusion with _______ proteins. ION CHANNEL In addition, Na+ and K+ ions can move actively across cell membranes using ________ Na+/K+ PUMP (ATPase) to create/maintain membrane potential on body cells. ENDOCYTOSIS White blood cells engulf bacteria using _______ PROTON PUMPS in lysosomal membranes create the acidic ______ Environment inside needed for cellular digestion. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C Explain how the structure of biological membranes influences selective permeability (2. C. 4, 2. C. 5) ENE 2. F. Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane (2. F. 2) ENE 2. G Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane (2. G. 1)

Graph from: http: //www 2. sluh. org/bioweb/apbio/labs/apl 01 potatocoregraph. png This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Concentrations used: 0. 2 M, 0. 4 M, 0. 6 M, 0. 8 M, 1. 0 M Which solution contained the greatest concentration of sucrose? EXPLAIN E is the solution with the greatest solute concentration. It has a lower Ψ compared to the potatoes. Water always moves from an area of higher Ψ to an area of lower Ψ. Water will leave the potatoes cells causing the greatest negative % mass change. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 4. B Describe data from a table or graph, including b. Describing trends and/or patterns in the data SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

http: //smhttp. 32478. nexcesscdn. net/80 E 972/organiclifestylemagazine/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/slug. jpg A homemade remedy for getting rid of slugs in your garden is to sprinkle them with salt. Use some Biology that you learned to EXPLAIN why this might actually work. Sprinkling salt on slugs creates a hypertonic environment on their skin. Water always moves from an area of higher water potential (inside the slug) to an area of lower water potential (outside the slug). This causes the slugs to lose water, shrivel up, and die. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

https: //www. pinterest. com/pin/50313720816861027/ TAKE A STUDY BREAK!

https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/867/flashcards/821867/png/picture_71319444338277. png Sucrose is moved into cells via a cotransporter. ATP provides the energy to actively move H+ ions out of the cell creating a H+ gradient. These H+ ions then move passively back into the cell down their concentration gradient bringing sucrose along with them. How might INCREASING EXTRACELLULAR p. H affect sucrose transport into the cell? Since the movement of sucrose into cell is dependent on H+ ions moving down their concentration gradient the more H+ ions outside cell means more sucrose transport in. INCREASING extracellular p. H means there are FEWER H+ ions outside the cell. So this would decrease the movement of sucrose in. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. SP 2 B Explain relationships between different characteristics of biological concepts, processes, or models represented visually b in applied contexts

Image from: http: //www. biology 4 kids. com/files/cell_vacuole. html Putting plant cells into a HYPOTONIC solution will enter cell cause water to _____ enter cell leave cell increase in turgor pressure. This will cause a(n) _______ central vacuole provides the Storing water in its _______ pressure to hold plant upright. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/factors. html Ψp + Ψs = Ψ Ψp = 0 Ψs = 0 Ψ=0 Plant cell immediately after being put into distilled water Ψp = 0 Ψs = -2 Ψ = -2 ? Plant cell after being in distilled water for some time Ψp = ___ +2 -2 Ψs = ___ 0 Ψ = ___ Fill in the missing Ψp , Ψs and Ψ True or False At equilibrium the solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are always equal ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/factors. html Plant cell after being in distilled water for some time Ψp + Ψs = Ψ At equilibrium the WATER POTENTIAL ( Ψ ) inside and outside of the cell are equal. Water moves into the cell until the increased pressure counteracts the osmotic pressure of the solute. Ψ = 0 inside and outside BUT Ψp and Ψs inside and out are NOT the same Ψp = 0 Ψs = 0 Ψ=0 +2 Ψp = ___ -2 Ψs = ___ 0 Ψ = ___ True or False At equilibrium the SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS inside and outside the cell are always equal ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

USE lower and higher to complete the following: Water always moves from an area with ____ water potential to an area with higher _______ water potential. lower Water with solutes dissolved in it that is in an lower open container will have a ______water potential than distilled water. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential

During passive transport molecules always move ______ DOWN their concentration gradient. down up Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes are called AQUAPORINS _______ ACTIVE Hydrolysis of ATP is required for ______ transport ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential

Which beaker with potato cores is at equilibrium? Beaker 2 is at equilibrium Ψ of distilled water in Beaker 2 =0 bars Ψ of Potato core (Ψs + Ψp) = 0. 5 + (-0. 5) = 0 bars What is the water potential (Ψ) of the potato core in beaker #1? Ψ of Potato core (Ψs + Ψp) = (-0. 5) + 0. 3 = -0. 2 bars What will happen to the potato core in beaker 1? EXPLAIN Potatoes in Beaker 1 will gain mass. Distilled water has Ψ = 0 Potatoes have a Ψ = -0. 2 Water moves from higher Ψ to lower Ψ Water will enter potato 0 > -0. 2 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum SP 6 A. Make a scientific claim. SP 6 B Support a claim with evidence from biological principles, concepts, processes, and/or data SP 6 C. Provide reasoning to justify a claim by connecting evidence to biological theories

https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/962/flashcards/1130962/png/picture 21364251542565. png Use what you know about water potential to EXPLAIN why water will move up a very tall tree Water will always move from an area with higher water potential to an area with lower water potential. Soil has a higher Ψ than the root cells so water will move from the soil into the root cells. Trunk xylem has a lower Ψ than root cell cytoplasm so water moves from root cells into trunk xylem. , and so on… Ψ in leaf cell walls > Ψ in leaf air paces > Ψ in outside air Cohesion between water molecules holds the water molecules together like a chain as they are pulled upward. Adhesion between water molecules and xylem cell transport tubes counteracts the downward pull of gravity. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. SYI 1. A. 2 Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding SYI 1. A. 3 The hydrogen bonds between water molecules result in cohesion, adhesion and surface tension.

http: //herebedragonssls. blogspot. com/2018/02/examining-lesser-known-side-of-cystic. html Use what you learned about water potential/tonicity in cells to explain how a nonfunctional Cl- ion transporter could result in “sticky” mucus lining the lungs in CYSTIC FIBROSIS patients. CTFR protein acts as an ion channel to transport chloride ions out of the cells. When Cl - ions are released to the air spaces in the lungs, Na + follows, and water moves out of the cells toward the area with higher solute concentration. This is important to maintain a certain thin consistency of mucus, which functions to lubricate and shield the lining of the airways. In cystic fibrosis patients, the Cl- transport protein is nonfunctional. Since Cl- ions are not released from the cells into the lumen of the lungs, water stays in the cells too. Mucus is not diluted down and becomes thick and sticky leading to clogged airways and difficulty breathing. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane.

Egg image by Kriedell https: //image. slidesharecdn. com/077 osmosisusingeggs-141130022108 -conversion-gate 02/95/077 -osmosis-using-eggs-3 -638. jpg? cb=1417315780 In lab eggs soaked in vinegar to remove the calcium from their shells, were placed in distilled water and sugar water. This egg increased in mass because it hypotonic liquid. was placed in a _______ EXPLAIN WHY This egg was placed in distilled water which was hypotonic to the egg contents. Water always moves from an area of higher water potential (distilled water) to an area of lower water potential (the egg) causing the egg to increase in mass. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/factors. html Ψp + Ψs = Ψ Initial flaccid cell Ψp = 0 Ψs = -0. 7 Ψ = ? -0. 7 Fill in the missing Ψp , Ψs and Ψ Turgid cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings Ψp = Ψs = Ψ= ___ 0. 7 -0. 7 ___ 0 MPa ___ hypotonic to the cell. This solution is ______ hypertonic hypotonic isotonic ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

https: //teachers. stjohns. k 12. fl. us/lyons-s/files/2018/09/AP-Bio-Cells-Practice-Test. pdf A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A. It will have no unfavorable effect as long as the water is free of viruses and bacteria. B. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells. C. The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells. D. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid is hypertonic compared to the cells. E. The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood fluid is hypertonic compared to the cells. See a 2 minute video How water can Kill You ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration.

https: //teachers. stjohns. k 12. fl. us/lyons-s/files/2018/09/AP-Bio-Cells-Practice-Test. pdf Image from: https: //thumbs. dreamstime. com/b/test-tube-hemoglobin-submerged-turquoise-color-water-red-blood-cell-57095273. jpg A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0. 02 molar glucose is placed in a test tube of water containing 0. 02 molar glucose. Assuming that glucose is not actively transported into the cell, which of the following terms describes the tonicity of the external solution relative to the cytoplasm of the cell? a. turgid b. hypertonic c. hypotonic d. flaccid e. isotonic ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration.

Use what you know about diffusion of molecules to predict which way the oxygen and carbon dioxide will move in your body. http: //www. le. ac. uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case 2/2_2. html O 2 and CO 2 are both able to move passively across cell membranes without assistance. Molecules always move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration O 2 concentrations are higher in alveoli than in blood. CO 2 concentrations are higher in the blood than in alveoli. O 2 will move from alveoli into blood stream. CO 2 will move from blood stream into alveoli. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy.

https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulcata_Tortoise_%285%29_%288679964197%29. jpg/1200 px-Sulcata_Tortoise_%285%29_%288679964197%29. jpg https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e 0/Litoria_barringtonensis. JPG/1200 px-Litoria_barringtonensis. JPG https: //66. media. tumblr. com/tumblr_lifnm 52 Ib. B 1 qcmrkno 1_400. gif Frogs have paper-thin, moist skin and lungs that are shaped like simple balloons. Most of the gas exchange happens through their skin not their lungs. Tortoises have thick, dry, scaly skin and lungs that have many folds and small sacs inside. Gas exchange happens mainly through their lungs; little through their skin. Use what you learned about transport of molecules across membranes to explain the differences between the way frogs and turtles exchange gases with their environment.

https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulcata_Tortoise_%285%29_%288679964197%29. jpg/1200 px-Sulcata_Tortoise_%285%29_%288679964197%29. jpg https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e 0/Litoria_barringtonensis. JPG/1200 px-Litoria_barringtonensis. JPG https: //66. media. tumblr. com/tumblr_lifnm 52 Ib. B 1 qcmrkno 1_400. gif Frogs have paper-thin, moist skin and lungs that are shaped like simple balloons. Most of the gas exchange happens through their skin not their lungs. Tortoises have thick, dry, scaly skin and lungs that have many folds and small sacs inside. Gas exchange happens mainly through their lungs; little through their skin. Use what you learned about transport of molecules across membranes to explain the differences between the way frogs and turtles exchange gases with the environment. Gases like O 2 and CO 2 can pass easily across moist membranes without requiring the input of energy or the assistance of membrane transport proteins. So the amount of gas exchange will be determined by the surface area of the membranes being crossed. Frogs have very simple lung sacs without many folds but because their skin is thin and moist, gas exchange can occur over the whole surface of their bodies. Tortoises can’t exchange gases through their thick, dry skin but the adaptation of many folds/small sacs increase the surface area of their lungs allowing them to gas exchange that way. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. B. 2 The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials— c. More complex cellular structures (e. g. , membrane folds) are necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger biological principles, concepts, processes or theories. SP 6 E. Predict the causes or effects of a change in or disruption to, one or more components in a biological system based on b. A visual representation of a biological concept, process, or model.

https: //i 0. wp. com/tellyreviews. com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/sorethroat. png? fit=799%2 C 600&ssl=1 A homemade remedy for getting rid of a swollen sore throat is to gargle with salt water. Use some Biology that you learned to EXPLAIN why this might help. Salt water is hypertonic to throat cells. Water always moves from an area of higher water potential (inside swollen throat cells) to an area of lower water potential (outside of the cells ) This causes the swollen throat cells to lose water and shrink smaller. Hopefully that will make you feel better. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

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Explain how contractile vacuoles function in osmoregulation in single celled protists. http: //www. microscopy-uk. org. uk/mag/imgjun 99/vidjun 1. gif Contractile vacuoles work to maintain the balance of water/ions in a cell living in an aquatic environment. Organisms that live in fresh water (hypotonic) environments constantly have water entering their cells. Contractile vacuoles collect excess water and squeeze to release it back into pond to maintain the balance of ions and water. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 2. I. 1 Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: Contractile vacuoles in protists; Central vacuole in plant cells SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Egg image by Kriedell https: //image. slidesharecdn. com/077 osmosisusingeggs-141130022108 -conversion-gate 02/95/077 -osmosis-using-eggs-3 -638. jpg? cb=1417315780 In lab eggs soaked in vinegar to remove the calcium from their shells, were placed in distilled water and sugar water. This egg decreased in mass because it was placed in a _______ hypertonic liquid. EXPLAIN WHY This egg was placed in sugar water which was hypertonic to the egg contents. Water always moves from an area of higher water potential (egg) to an area of lower water potential (the sugar solution) causing the egg to decrease in mass. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE Facilitated diffusion with carrier proteins _____ Facilitated diffusion with aquaporins _______ PASSIVE ACTIVE Na+ - K+ pump ____ Diffusion _____ PASSIVE Endocytosis ACTIVE _______ Exocytosis ______ ACTIVE PASSIVE Facilitated diffusion with channel proteins ______ ACTIVE Proton pumps _______ ACTIVE Receptor mediated endocytosis_____ ACTIVE Contractile vacuole in protists _____ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane—

Calculate the following for DISTILLED WATER in an open beaker 0 0 0 Ψs = _____ Ψp = _____ Ψ = _____ Adding sugar to the water in this beaker will DECREASE _____ the Ψs. increase decrease RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - i. CRT You are on a ship at sea that sinks and a few survivors (including you) escape by climbing into a life raft. You begin to get thirsty while waiting for rescue and someone suggests drinking sea water. Use what you learned in AP Bio class to determine if this is a good idea. a. Na. Cl is the main dissolved ions in seawater at roughly a 0. 5 M concentration. Calculate the SOLUTE potential for seawater if you know the water temperature is 27° C. Ψs = - (2) (0. 5) ( 0. 0831) (273+ 27) =- 24. 93 bars b. Human body cells have a 0. 15 M Na. Cl concentration. Calculate the SOLUTE potential for body cells knowing body temperature is 37° C. Ψs = - (2) (0. 15) ( 0. 0831) (273+ 37) = - 7. 73 bars c. Is drinking seawater a good idea? EXPLAIN our answer. NOT A GOOD IDEA The Ψs of sea water is -24. 93 bars compared to -7. 73 for human body cells. Drinking salty sea water would be very hypertonic to body cells, causing blood to become more hypertonic to body cells. Body cells would actually lose water and shrivel up ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum RELEVANT EQUATIONS-Water Potential

Image from: https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/originals/40/1 d/8 e/401 d 8 e 4 e 0 b 4201 a 6 f 69 cfe 4 a 31 cd 0750. jpg Ocean water has a greater concentration of dissolved solutes than the organisms that live HYPER there so salt water fish live in a _______tonic environment. hypo hyper iso Will water move into or out of this kind of fish? Greater concentration of solute molecules outside than in the fish’s cells Water will leave the fish’s cells Salt water fish rarely urinate and actively pump ions out through their gills to maintain homeostasis. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 2. I. 1 Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a plant cell in a hypertonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic The cell membrane will away from the cell wall probably shrink ________ shrink away from the cell wall swell & burst stay the same size decrease The osmotic pressure in this cell ______ increase decrease plasmolysis This process is called _________ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration.

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) was inhibited which of these kinds of transport would be disrupted? ____ Movement of oxygen from alveoli PASSIVE into blood stream ____ Facilitated diffusion of glucose into a cell PASSIVE ____ Setting membrane potential on a nerve cell with Na+-K+ pump ____ Movement of Na+ down its gradient into a nerve cell when it is depolarized PASSIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

FROM: http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/quiz. html ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

MAKE CONNECTIONS: Transport, Water Potential, Cell signaling Vibrio cholerae is a bacterium that causes death as a result of severe vomiting and diarrhea. INTESTINAL LUMEN When cholera toxin is released by the bacteria in the intestine, it binds to a receptor on the surface of epithelial cells lining the intestine and is taken into the intestinal cells via endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the toxin activates the G protein, locking it into to GTP-bound form, causing adenylate cyclase to continually make c. AMP. High c. AMP levels activate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane transport protein which causes a dramatic release of Cl- ions into the intestinal lumen. EXPLAIN why this would cause diarrhea.

MAKE CONNECTIONS: Transport, Water Potential, Cell signaling SOLUTE SUCKS! INTESTINAL LUMEN The huge efflux of ions out of cell into intestinal lumen creates a hypertonic environment in the lumen compared to the cells. Water then follows the ions, moving from the cell into the intestinal lumen, resulting in severe water loss from the body. Patients die of severe dehydration from diarrhea. Interestingly this is the exact opposite of what happens in lung cells of patients with cystic fibrosis. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 3 ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. SP 2 A Describe characteristics of a biological process, or model, represented visually. SP 2 B Explain relationships between different characteristics of biological concepts, processes, or models represented visually b in applied contexts

http: //www. painetworks. com/photos/gt/gt 0461. JPG Use some Biology that you learned to EXPLAIN why grocery stores spray water on the veggies in the produce aisle. Water stored in the large central vacuole of plants provides the turgor pressure to make them turgid. To keep the veggies from losing water and becoming flaccid, the store sprays water on the veggies. This water is hypotonic to the cells. Water always moves from an area of higher water potential (water on outside of veggies) to an area of lower water potential (inside the veggie cells), causing the veggies to take in water restoring their turgor pressure. No one wants to by limp broccoli! ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Animation from: http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan. gif This type of transport which opens in response to a signal and forms a “tunnel” through the membrane to let Gated ion channel ions in and out is called a(n) _________ Chemical signals that can open the gate are called ______ ligands Tell another type of signal that could open the gate Electrical signal ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane IST 3. D. 1 Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger—a ligand—by a receptor protein in a target cell— a. The ligand-binding domain of a receptor recognizes a specific chemical messenger, which can be a peptide, a small chemical, or protein, in a specific one-to-one relationship.

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -i. CRT What is the WATER potential for a GLUCOSE solution that is 0. 1 M in an open beaker at 22°C? Ψs = -i. CRT - (1) (0. 0831) (0. 1) (295) = -2. 45 bars Ψs = 0 in open beaker Ψ = Ψs + Ψp = -2. 45 + 0 = -2. 45 bars ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum RELEVANT EQUATIONS-Water Potential

http: //www. scoop. it/t/english-9 -humour TAKE A STUDY BREAK!

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html ID this kind of transport ENDOCYTOSIS Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle If the green square represents a large molecule or a PHAGOCYTOSIS whole cell this would be called ________ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. . ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Image from: http: //baileyb. pbworks. com/f/1391453862/Cell%20 Surface%20 to%20 volume. gif Which of these cells would have the greatest surface area/volume ratio? Smallest cell has largest SA/vol ratio. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. B. 1 Surface area-to-volume ratios affect the ability of a biological system to obtain necessary resources, eliminate waste products, acquire or dissipate thermal energy, and otherwise exchange chemicals and energy with the environment. ENE 1. B. 2 The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials— a. These limitations can restrict cell size and shape. Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment. b. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and the demand for internal resources increases. c. More complex cellular structures (e. g. , membrane folds) are necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment. d. As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, affecting properties like rate of heat exchange with the environment.

http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html#Vesicle-mediated%20 transport VOCAB The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic environment _____ increases the osmotic pressure inside the cell increases decreases turgid We would say the cell is ____ turgid flaccid ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

A common laboratory investigation involves putting a solution of starch and glucose into a dialysis bag and suspending the bag in a beaker of water, as shown in the figure below. The investigation is aimed at understanding how molecular size affects movement through a membrane. Which of the following best represents the amount of starch, water, and glucose in the dialysis bag over the course of the investigation? NOT A SECURE EXAM QUESTION MC question from 2013 Released Exam posted to public on College board website ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy.

https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/867/flashcards/821867/png/picture_71319444338277. png Sucrose is moved into cells via a cotransporter. ATP provides the energy to actively move H+ ions out of the cell creating a H+ gradient. These H+ ions then move passively back into the cell down their concentration gradient bringing sucrose along with them. How might DECREASING EXTRACELLULAR p. H affect sucrose transport into the cell? This cotransporter uses the energy from ATP to pump H+ ions out of the cell creating a H+ gradient. As H+ ion move passively back into the cell down their concentration gradient, they carry sucrose along with them. More H+ ions outside cell means more sucrose transport in. DECREASING extracellular p. H means there are MORE H+ ions outside the cell. So this would increase the movement of sucrose in. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. SP 6 A. Make a scientific claim. SP 6 B Support a claim with evidence from biological principles, concepts, processes, and/or data SP 6 C. Provide reasoning to justify a claim by connecting evidence to biological theories

Calculate Surface area/Volume ratio for these cells 2 cm X 2 cm 1 cm X 8 cm SA = 6 X 2 cm = 24 cm 2 SA = 2 X (1 cm X 1 cm) + 4 (1 cm X 8 cm) = 2 cm 2 + 32 cm 2 = 34 cm 2 Vol = 2 cm X 2 cm = 8 cm 3 Vol = 1 cm X 8 cm = 8 cm 3 SA/V =24 cm 2 /8 cm 3 = 3 SA/V = 34 cm 2 /8 cm 3 = 4. 25 Which would have the largest SA/V ratio? Blue rectangular solid has larger SA/V ratio. Which of these will be the most efficient at transporting materials across its membrane? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER Blue rectangular solid- Cells with greater SA/V ratios are more efficient at transporting materials into/out of the cell. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 1. B. 2 The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials— a. These limitations can restrict cell size and shape. Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment. b. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and the demand for internal resources increases. c. More complex cellular structures (e. g. , membrane folds) are necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment. d. As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, affecting properties like rate of heat exchange with the environment ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

Explain how the structure and chemical properties of a substance determine whether it will be able to cross a cell membrane on its own or will require the help of a membrane protein or vesicle. Molecules that are hydrophobic or small and non-polar can pass easily across membranes by simple diffusion. Molecules that are large or polar or have an electric charge (like ions) can’t pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid tails and require help from either a transport protein or a vesicle ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 2 Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of materials and the export of wastes. ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across cell membranes. ENE 2. C. 4 Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins ENE 2. G. 1. Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents a animal cell in a hypertonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic This cell will probably ______ shrink swell & possibly burst stay the same size crenation This process is called _______ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

Adding solute causes the Ψs of a solution to ______ A. increase B. decrease C. stay the same Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion Channels and carriers Membrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are called glycolipids ______ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across cell membranes. ENE 2. C. 4 Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. B. 1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules that is embedded with proteins, steroids (such as cholesterol in eukaryotes), glycoproteins, and glycolipids that can flow around the surface of the cell within the membrane. REVELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water potential

Graph from: http: //www 2. sluh. org/bioweb/apbio/labs/apl 01 potatocoregraph. png This graph shows data from potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) for 80 min. Concentrations used: 0. 2 M, 0. 4 M, 0. 6 M, 0. 8 M, 1. 0 M Which solution contained a concentration equal to the concentration in the potatoes? EXPLAIN C- potatoes in this solution didn’t change mass because potatoes were in a solution that was isotonic (concentration in solution = concentration in potatoes Water entering = water leaving potatoes (no mass change) ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 4. B Describe data from a table or graph, including b. Describing trends and/or patterns in the data SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

A freshwater fish has about 1% salt in his body. Fresh water is close to 0% salt. Will water move into or out of this kind of fish? Freshwater is HYPOTONIC compared to fish’s cells. Water will move INTO the fish’s cells Freshwater fish must urinate frequently and actively pump ions in through their gills to maintain homeostasis. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 2. I. 1 Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Animation from: http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/endocytb. htm ENDOCYTOSIS if taking in: PINOCYTOSIS fluid or small molecules =_________ PHAGOCYTOSIS large particles or whole cells =_______ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

https: //s-media-cache-ak 0. pinimg. com/736 x/43/74/63/437463 ecea 2 b 84238250 e 07 d 5085 a 100 --biology-jokes-cell-biology. jpg TAKE A STUDY BREAK!

Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE Used by Golgi bodies to release exported proteins in vesicles at the cell surface ACTIVE Creates the acidic environment inside lysosomes ACTIVE Moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration PASSIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

Black dots represent dissolved solute. This diagram represents an plant cell in a hypotonic ________ solution. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic The osmotic pressure in this cell ______ increase decrease What prevents plant cells from undergoing cytolysis? They have a study cell wall surrounding the cell ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. D. 1 Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

https: //www. walmart. com/ip/Karo-Light-Corn-Syrup-With-Real-Vanilla-16 -fl-oz/10294409 http: //i. ytimg. com/vi/ks. IHl. V 9 T 17 U/hqdefault. jpg http: //www. steamworksinc. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/remove-germs-from-carpet. png Like humans, bacteria and fungi use sugar as a food source. Many foods containing sugar need to be refrigerated to keep bacteria/fungi from growing in them. Corn syrup is a thick, very concentrated sugar solution used for baking. Even though corn syrup contains huge amounts of sugar, it does not need to be refrigerated. Explain why bacterial and fungal cells don’t grow in corn syrup even if it’s not refrigerated. The huge amount of sugar in corn syrup makes it very hypertonic to any bacterial/fungal cells that might get into it. Water always moves from an area of higher water potential (inside bacterial/fungal cells) to an area of lower water potential (outside of the cells into the corn syrup ) This would cause any bacteria/fungi that might get into the corn syrup to shrivel up and die. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Image from: https: //marilynemathew. files. wordpress. com/2013/02/surface. jpg How does the cell surface area/volume ratio differ in these two diagrams? EXPLAIN the relationship of SA/Vol ratio to obtain resources and remove waste. Volume appears to be approximately the same, but the cells in diagram on the right have greater surface area than the cell on the left. Demand for resources depends on Volume; Ability to transport depends on the surface area of the membrane. As cells increase in size both surface area and volume increase, but volume increases at a greater rate than surface area. SA/Vol ratio decreases as cell grows bigger OR larger cell has smaller SA/Vol ratio than small cell It’s more difficult for larger cells to move substances across cell membrane fast enough to supply cell’s needs; Small cells can transport substances more efficiently than larger cells ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 1. B. 2 The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials— a. These limitations can restrict cell size and shape. Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment. b. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and the demand for internal resources increases. c. More complex cellular structures (e. g. , membrane folds) are necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment. d. As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, affecting properties like rate of heat exchange with the environment.

Animations from: http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan. gif http: //www. gobananas. co. uk/edinburgh-stag-party/enquiry/index. htm Identify this type of transport and the membrane protein involved that grabs a molecule, changes shape, and flips it across to other side like a revolving door. FACILITATED DIFFUSION with a CARRIER PROTEIN Tell a molecule that might move this way in cells. glucose PASSIVE transport. This is a kind of ____ ACTIVE PASSIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across cell membranes. ENE 2. C. 4 Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins.

http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/quiz. html Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - i. CRT What is the water potential of the distilled water? Ψ = 0 + 0 = 0 bars What is the water potential of the beet core? Ψ = 0. 2 + -0. 4 = -0. 2 bars Which way will water move? From higher Ψ to lower Ψ - move from distilled (0) in beaker into beet core (-0. 2) ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

https: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Action_Potential. gif ttps: //lionden. com/graphics/AP/Na-K-pump. gif IDENTIFY the 2 ways Na+ and K+ ions can move across membranes in 2 ways. One of these is active and the other is passive transport. Na+ and K+ pump (ATPase) ACTIVE Ion Channel PASSIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = -i. CRT What is the WATER potential for a GLUCOSE solution that is 0. 25 M in an open beaker at 27°C? Ψs = - (1) (0. 0831) (0. 25) (300) = -6. 23 bars Ψp = 0 in open beaker Ψ = Ψs + Ψp = -6. 23 + 0 = - 6. 23 bars ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) was inhibited which of these kinds of transport would be disrupted? ____ Movement of water into a cell in a hypotonic solution PASSIVE ____ Passage of a solute against it’s gradient ____ Transport of chromosomes along mitotic spindle by motor proteins during mitosis ____ Removal of water by a protist using a contractile vacuole ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration ENE 2. I. 1 Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: Contractile vacuoles in protists;

Name the kind of transport that moves molecules from high concentration to low across a membrane without using energy and without the help of any membrane proteins or vesicles DIFFUSION ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy.

http: //www. microscopy-uk. org. uk/mag/imgjun 99/vidjun 1. gif PREDICT what would happen to the contractile vacuole activity in a Paramecium if it were to move from a hypertonic environment to a hypotonic one? JUSTIFY your answer. Contractile vacuoles work to maintain the balance of water/ions in cells living in aquatic environments by pumping excess water out of the cell. In a hypertonic environment the net flow of water would be out of the cell so the contractile vacuole activity would be minimal. In a hypotonic environment, the net flow of water would be into the cell. Moving to a hypotonic should cause contractile vacuole activity to increase as more water enters the cell. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 2. I. 1 Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: Contractile vacuoles in protists; Central vacuole in plant cells SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Campbell Concept check An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disaccharide sucrose. CELL 0. 03 M sucrose 0. 02 M glucose ENVIRONMENT 0. 01 M sucrose 0. 01 M glucose 0. 01 M fructose Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell? Fructose will enter cell until equilibrium (0. 005 M in/out) Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell? Glucose will leave cell until equilibrium (0. 015 M in/out) ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE E NE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution. The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disaccharide sucrose. Campbell Concept check CELL 0. 03 M sucrose 0. 02 M glucose ENVIRONMENT 0. 01 M sucrose 0. 01 M glucose 0. 01 M fructose Which solution-the cell or the environment- is hypertonic to the other? Cell (0. 05 M) is hypertonic to the environment (0. 03 M) In which direction will there be a net osmotic movement of water? Glucose and fructose will move until concentrations of these are equal on both sides. Sucrose can’t cross the membrane, so net movement of water will be out of the cell toward the environment with greater solute concentration ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE E NE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water c/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

As cells increase in volume, the surface area/volume ratio decreases and demand for material resources increases; What modifications could be added to a cell or an organ to increase its surface area? Give an example Folds or extensions of the membrane all increase SA SEM Image by: Riedell Examples: Lung alveoli Intestinal villi ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. B. 2 The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials— a. These limitations can restrict cell size and shape. Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment. b. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and the demand for internal resources increases. c. More complex cellular structures (e. g. , membrane folds) are necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment. d. As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, affecting properties like rate of heat exchange with the environment. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES - SA/V ratios and Exchange: Root hair cells, Guard cells; Gut epithelial cells ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES- Vacuoles, Cilia, Stomata Root hairs

Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - i. CRT https: //cdn. pixabay. com/photo/2013/07/12/14/11/sapling-147940_960_720. png A scientist is asked to estimate if a certain species of plant could live in a salt marsh. The following data was collected: a. The overall Ψ of the soil (Ψsoil): -25. 0 bar b. Solute concentration of plant cell contents: 0. 1 M (assume i=1, and 25 °C) c. Pressure potential of the plant cells is: -19. 0 bar CALCULATE THE Ψs and Ψ for the plant Plant Ψs = - i. CRT Ψs = - (1) (0. 0831) (0. 1) (273 + 25) Ψs = - 2. 48 Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψ = (- 19 bar) + (-2. 48) Ψ = - 21. 48 bar Soil Ψ = -25 bar

Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - i. CRT Do you think the plant could grow in this environment? JUSTIFY your answer. Plant Ψs = - i. CRT Ψs = - (1) (0. 0831) (0. 1) (273 + 25 ) Ψs = - 2. 48 Soil Ψ = -25 bar Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψ = (- 19 bar) + (-2. 48) Ψ = - 21. 48 bar This plant could not grow in this environment. The water potential of the plant is - 21. 48 bar. The water potential of the soil is -25 bar. The soil is hypertonic to the plant cells. Water always moves from an area of higher water potential (plant cells) to an area of lower water potential (the soil). This would cause the plant to under go plasmolysis and wilt. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. REVELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts

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What is the highest water potential a solution in an open beaker can have? JUSTIFY your answer. 0 - ZERO Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) The (Ψp) in an open beaker is 0 So basically Ψ = Ψs in an open beaker. Adding solute decreases the Ψs (ie. makes it more negative) That means an open container with just distilled water would have the highest possible Ψ at ZERO. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html This type of transport is called Endocytosis ______ It’s a kind of bulk transport ACTIVE It is a type of_____ transport active passive ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. . ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/quiz. html ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

An environment in which the concentration of solutes outside is less than inside the cell is called _________ hypotonic An animal cell placed in this type of environment will ___________ shrink stay the same size swell & possibly burst ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

http: //www. uic. edu/classes/bios 100/lecturesf 04 am/sucrosepump. jpg Name this kind of transport in which transport of one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the movement of another moving UP the gradient. cotransport VOCAB

Black dots in this diagram represent dissolved solutes. This diagram represents an isotonic animal cell in a _____ solution. It will probably _______ stay the same size Undergo cytolysis Undergo plasmolysis stay the same size ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

ID this kind of transport https: //students. ga. desire 2 learn. com/d 2 l/lor/viewer/view. File. d 2 lfile/1798/12843/animated_exocyt. gif EXOCYTOSIS INSIDE CELL OUTSIDE CELL Substance is put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE Name an organelle that uses vesicles to export substances out of the cell Golgi Bodies ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. . ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell

https: //students. ga. desire 2 learn. com/d 2 l/lor/viewer/view. File. d 2 lfile/1798/12843/animated_exocyt. gif channel Transport proteins called _______ proteins function by forming a hydrophilic tunnel that allows charged molecules or ions to pass through the hydrophobic portion of a cell membrane. carrier proteins hold on to their Transport proteins called _____ passenger molecules, change shape, and shuttle them across the membrane. Exocytosis As a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands via ________. endocytosis exocytosis When vesicles fuse with membrane they become part of the membrane ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. Campbell Concept check 7. 5

Name 3 kinds of passive transport Diffusion, facilitated diffusion with carrier proteins, ion channels, aquaporins (osmosis) Name 3 kinds of active transport Na+-K+ pump, co-transport, bulk transport, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane.

ID these examples of transport http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/biol 101 -chp 7 -pt 1 -pp-fall 10 -101031115829 -phpapp 01/95/biol-101 -chp-7 -membrane-structure-and-function-63 -638. jpg? cb=1409049247 No protein helper Tunnel no shape change Protein helper shape change Simple Channel Carrier diffusion protein Which of these are passive? Active? All are passive ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 1. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane—

Tell if the transport uses Vesicles membrane proteins Needs NO HELP membrane protein Facilitated diffusion __________ membrane protein (aquaporins) Osmosis __________ membrane protein Na + - K+ pump __________ needs no help Diffusion __________ vesicle Endocytosis ____________ Exocytosis ____________ vesicle membrane protein Ion channels ____________ membrane protein Proton pump _________ Cotransport _________ membrane protein ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane.

IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF TRANSPORT DESCRIBED ION CHANNEL ENDOCYTOSIS DIFFUSION AQUAPORINS EXOCYTOSIS Polar UNCHARGED molecules, including water can pass DIFFUSION through membranes in small amounts using _____ but large quantities of water can move faster by AQUAPORINS facilitated diffusion through proteins called _____ Hydrophobic steroid hormones like estrogen move across DIFFUSION plasma membranes by _______ Protists take in food particles using ______ ENDOCYTOSIS Vesicles carrying modified proteins from Golgi bodies exit EXOCYTOSIS the cell via _______ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C Explain how the structure of biological membranes influences selective permeability (2. C. 4, 2. C. 5) ENE 2. F. Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane (2. F. 2) ENE 2. G Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane (2. G. 1)

Image from: https: //askabiologist. asu. edu/sites/default/files/resources/activities/body_depot/venom/aquaporin_cartoon_large. jpg Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups in the integral proteins that make up transport proteins in cell membranes. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI 1. B. 3 b. In proteins, the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (primary structure) determines the overall shape of the protein. Amino acids have directionality, with an amino (NH 2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus. The R group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic), and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger biological principles, concepts, processes or theories.

Mass of a dissolved substance in a given volume concentration Image by KRiedell The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space Concentration gradient http: //image 3. slideserve. com/6932620/concentration-gradient-n. jpg VOCAB

Image from: http: //baileyb. pbworks. com/f/1391453862/Cell%20 Surface%20 to%20 volume. gif Explain the relationship between cell size and surface area/volume ratios. As cells increase in size both surface area and volume increase, but volume increases at a faster rate. So SA/volume ratio decreases as cells grow bigger. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 1. B. 2 The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials— a. These limitations can restrict cell size and shape. Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment. b. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and the demand for internal resources increases. c. More complex cellular structures (e. g. , membrane folds) are necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment. d. As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, affecting properties like rate of heat exchange with the environment.

Image from: https: //www. pinterest. com/pin/AZJM 0 Kk. Qg. Tedguoa. R 8 f. A 1 rb 9 me. I 8 z. Xb. Ax--96 e. Tt. Kmfe. Ds. OGj 6 Ddcco/ Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of Integral proteins a membrane are called _________ Living things must control the balance of water and ions in their tissues. This is called Osmoregulation (kind of homeostasis) ________________ Diffusion continues until the concentration of molecules is equal throughout the space. This is called equilibrium _______ VOCAB

MAKE A CONNECTION Mitochondria capture energy released from burning glucose and use it to make ATP. H+ ions are moved across the cristae membrane to create a gradient, then moved back across the membrane to produce ATP. (more on how this works later in the metabolism unit). PREDICT how the folding of the cristae membranes might affect the movement of H+ ions across the cristae and the production of ATP? Folding creates more surface area for transport of H + ions across the membrane compared to a non-folded membrane in the same space. More surface area increases transport and therefore increases ATP production as well. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI 1. F. 1 The folding of the inner membrane increases the surface area, which allows for more ATP to be synthesized SYI 1. F. 9 Electron transport and ATP synthesis occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane. ENE 2. L. 1 Internal membranes facilitate cellular processes by minimizing competing interactions and by increasing surface areas where reactions can occur SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Give some examples some different kinds of membrane proteins that help move molecules across cell membranes Carrier proteins passive ion channels (gated not gated) passive aquaporins passive pumps active Which of these require energy from ATP? Which don’t require energy? ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 2 Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of materials and the export of wastes. ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across cell membranes. ENE 2. C. 4 Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins ENE 2. G. 1. Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/867/flashcards/821867/png/picture_71319444338277. png Sucrose is moved into cells via a cotransporter. ATP provides the energy to actively move H+ ions out of the cell creating a H+ gradient. These H+ ions then move passively back into the cell down their concentration gradient bringing sucrose along with them. How might adding an INHIBITOR THAT BLOCKS THE REGENERATION OF ATP impact sucrose transport into the cell? If regeneration of ATP is blocked, there will be no H+ ions pumped across the membrane to create the H+ gradient. Since the movement of sucrose into the cell is dependent on H+ ions moving back into the cell down their gradient, then this would prevent sucrose transport into the cell. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. SP 6 A. Make a scientific claim. SP 6 B Support a claim with evidence from biological principles, concepts, processes, and/or data SP 6 C. Provide reasoning to justify a claim by connecting evidence to biological theories

https: //lionden. com/graphics/AP/Na-K-pump. gif http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/watpot. html Which organelle makes the ATP used to run the active transport? mitochondria Explain why plant cells don’t undergo cytolysis in hypotonic environments but animal cells do. Cell wall is rigid and keeps them from bursting ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI 1. F. 9 Electron transport and ATP synthesis occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane. ENE 2. D. 1 Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments.

http: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC 040844/animalcells. htm Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane. 2. B. 1. b. 1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

VOCAB http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html#Vesicle-mediated%20 transport The swelling and bursting of animal cells when placed in a cytolysis hypotonic environment is called _________ The shrinking and shriveling up of animal cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is called ______ crenation ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

Image from: http: //www. d. umn. edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membrane. Images/jpegimages/diffusionmedium. jpg A membrane that allows certain Molecules to pass through but not others is called ________ semi permeable OR selectively permeable Which part of a cell membrane is responsible for this property? Phobic tails of the phospholipids ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 1 The structure of cell membranes results in selective permeability.

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https: //teachers. stjohns. k 12. fl. us/lyons-s/files/2018/09/AP-Bio-Cells-Practice-Test. pdf The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? a. The molarity of sucrose and glucose are equal on both sides. b. The molarity of glucose is higher in side A than in side B. c. The water level is higher in side A than in side B. d. The water level is unchanged. e. The water level is higher in side B than in side ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute

Image from: https: //marilynemathew. files. wordpress. com/2013/02/surface. jpg SA/V ratio decreases as a cell grows bigger. Larger cells have a smaller SA/Vol ratio than a small cell. Make a PREDICTION about the connection between SA/V ratios and mitosis. JUSTIFY your answer. Cells with a small SA/V ratio might be more likely to undergo mitosis. Large cells with a small SA/V ratio have a more difficult time obtaining the resources they need and removing waste compared to a smaller cell. By dividing, the volume of the cells stays the same, but more surface area is gained making the cells more efficient in obtaining what they need to survive. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. B. 2 The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials— a. These limitations can restrict cell size and shape. Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment. b. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and the demand for internal resources increases. c. More complex cellular structures (e. g. , membrane folds) are necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment. d. As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, affecting properties like rate of heat exchange with the environment. SP 6 A. Make a scientific claim. SP 6 B Support a claim with evidence from biological principles, concepts, processes, and/or data SP 6 C. Provide reasoning to justify a claim by connecting evidence to biological theories

If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited? (A) Movement of oxygen into a cell (B) Movement of water through aquaporins (C) Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient (D) Facilitated diffusion of a permeable substance ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. . ENE 2. G. 2 Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

Graph from: http: //www 2. sluh. org/bioweb/apbio/labs/apl 01 potatocoregraph. png This graph shows data from 0. 2 potato cores placed in different concentrations of sucrose (A-E) 0. 4 for 80 min. 0. 6 Concentrations used: 0. 2 M, 0. 4 M, 0. 6 M, 0. 8 M, 1. 0 M 0. 8 Which solution contained 1. 0 the lowest concentration of sucrose? EXPLAIN A is the solution with the lowest solute concentration. It has a higher Ψ than the potatoes. Water always moves from an area of higher Ψ to an area of lower Ψ, so water will enter potatoes causing the greatest positive % mass change. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 4. B Describe data from a table or graph, including b. Describing trends and/or patterns in the data SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

A transport protein that generates voltage across Electrogenic pump a membrane is called an ____________ When nerve cells establish a voltage across their membrane with a sodium-potassium pump, does this pump use ATP or produce ATP? The pump uses ATP. To establish a voltage, ions would have to be pumped against their gradient, which requires energy Campbell Concept check ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

http: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC 040844/animalcells. htm Which of these proteins is an integral protein? A; sticks into the membrane 2. B. 1. b. 1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

http: //www. microscopy-uk. org. uk/mag/imgjun 99/vidjun 1. gif PREDICT what would happen to the contractile vacuole activity in a Paramecium if it were to move from a hypotonic environment to a hypertonic one? JUSTIFY your answer. Contractile vacuoles work to maintain the balance of water/ions in cells living in aquatic environments by pumping excess water out of the cell. In a hypotonic environment the net flow of water would be into the cell so the contractile vacuole activity would be very high. In a hypertonic environment, the net flow of water would be out of the cell. Moving to a hypertonic should cause contractile vacuole activity to decrease as less water enters the cell. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. ENE 2. I. 1 Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: Contractile vacuoles in protists; Central vacuole in plant cells SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

http: //www. uic. edu/classes/bios 100/lecturesf 04 am/sucrosepump. jpg Name this kind of transport in which transport of one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the movement of another moving UP the gradient. cotransport VOCAB

http: //www. kmacgill. com/lecture_notes_17_files/image 003. jpg Proton pumps move which kind of ion across membranes ? H+ ions Why are H+ ions called protons? A hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron. If the atom loses its electron and becomes an ion, all that is left is the proton. Pumping H+ ions into a space ____ decreases its p. H decreases increases Name a cell part that you would expect to have numerous proton pumps in its membrane? Lysosomes are acidic inside to help digest molecules, unwanted cell parts, etc The H+ ions make the inside of lysosomes more acidic ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI 1. E. 1 c. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes, which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of a cell’s organic materials, and programmed cell death (apoptosis ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 2 Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients.

https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/867/flashcards/821867/png/picture_71319444338277. png Sucrose is moved into cells via a cotransporter. ATP provides the energy to actively move H+ ions out of the cell creating a H+ gradient. These H+ ions then move passively back into the cell down their concentration gradient bringing sucrose along with them. How might DECREASING THE EXTRACELLULAR SUCROSE CONCENTRATION affect sucrose transport into the cell? If there is less extracellular sucrose outside the cell, then there would be less sucrose available for transport. This would decrease the amount of sucrose moving into the cell ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. SP 6 A. Make a scientific claim. SP 6 B Support a claim with evidence from biological principles, concepts, processes, and/or data SP 6 C. Provide reasoning to justify a claim by connecting evidence to biological theories

Modified from: http: //www. phschool. com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab 1/quiz. html Difference in Molarity -. 04 -. 08 0 + . 08 - , 02 Circle all the beakers contain a solution that is hypertonic to the bag Which bag would you PREDICT to show the least % change in mass at the end of the experiment? JUSTIFY your answer. Bag in beaker 3. If the bag has the same molarity as its beaker solution, the bag is in an isotonic solution. The net flow of water into and out of the bag would be equal, and there will be no change in mass. Arrange the beakers in order of the mass of the bags inside them after the experiment has run of 30 minutes. List the bag that loses the most mass first. 2, 1 , 5, 3, 4 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. SP 6 A. Make a scientific claim. SP 6 C. Provide reasoning to justify a claim by connecting evidence to biological theories RELAVENT EQUATIONS- Water Potential

PASSIVE _____transport can moves molecules DOWN the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration Active Passive ACTIVE _____ transport requires energy from ATP. Active Passive ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. .

Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE Moves molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration ACTIVE Sets the membrane potential on cell membranes ACTIVE Moves Na+ and K+ ions across nerve cell membranes when nerves are depolarized PASSIVE Creates a concentration gradient for cotransport ACTIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. F. 1 The selective permeability of membranes allows for the formation of concentration gradients of solutes across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

https: //teachers. stjohns. k 12. fl. us/lyons-s/files/2018/09/AP-Bio-Cells-Practice-Test. pdf The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride (Na. Cl), but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0. 4 M glucose and 0. 5 M sodium chloride and side B is filled with a solution containing 0. 8 M glucose and 0. 4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same. If you examine side A after 3 days, you should find A. decrease in the concentration of Na. Cl and glucose and an increase in the water level. B. a decrease in the concentration of Na. Cl, an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of glucose. C. no net change in the system. D. a decrease in the concentration of Na. Cl and a decrease in the water level. E. no change in the concentration of Na. Cl and glucose and an increase in the water level. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration.

https: //lionden. com/graphics/AP/Na-K-pump. gif The Na+-K+ pump in animals causes the extracellular fluid negative than inside the cell outside the cells to be more _______ negative positive Since Na+ and K+ ions have the same electric charge how does pumping Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell create a difference in charge across the membrane? Na+-K+ pump moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into cell So there are more positive ions on the outside compared to inside ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4. The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

The voltage across a membrane is membrane potential called _________ The main electrogenic pump in animal cells + is the _______ pump. Na+-K ACTIVE This type of transport is______ passive active ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4. The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

VOCAB http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Booktransp. html#Vesicle-mediated%20 transport The pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in plant cells plasmolysis when placed in a hypertonic environment is called _______ flaccid A plant cell that has lost water and is “limp” is called _______ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 2. C Explain how biological concepts or processes represented visually relate to larger principles, concepts, processes

Animation from: http: //bio. winona. edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan. gif This type of transport which opens in response to a signal and forms a “tunnel” through the membrane to let ions in Gated ion channel or out is called a(n) ________ Name some types of signals that could open the gate Signals can be electrical OR chemical (ligands) 3. E. 2. b. 2. In response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. This is passed along the nerve axon toward the synapse at end LO 3. 45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information

Animation fromhttp: //student. ccbcmd. edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/channelanim. html Polar uncharged molecules, including H 2 O, pass through the membrane in small amounts, but water molecules can pass through the cell membrane AQUAPORINS more quickly using membrane transport proteins called _______ PASSIVE transport. This is a kind of ____ ACTIVE PASSIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 5 ESSENT Polar uncharged molecules, including H 2 O, pass through the membrane in small amounts ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 2 Passive transport plays a primary role in the import of materials and the export of wastes. ENE 2. G. 1. Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins.

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ACTIVE ______ transport can move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient. Active Passive PASSIVE transport does NOT require energy from ATP. _____ Active Passive ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. .

Animation from: http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html http: //www. accs. net/users/kriel/chapter%20 nine/ Name this kind of transport used by single celled protists to take in food or white blood cells to engulf bacteria. Endocytosis (phagocytosis) ACTIVE This is a kind of transport is ______ active passive ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. . ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/cell-movement. html ID this kind of transport ENDOCYTOSIS Substance is transported INTO cell inside a vesicle If the green square represents a small molecules this PINOCYTOSIS would be called ________ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 1. C. 1 Organisms have evolved highly efficient strategies to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes. Cells and organisms use specialized exchange surfaces to obtain and release molecules from or into the surrounding environment. . ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

http: //www. biologymad. com/Nervous. System/nakpump. gif Which type of transport is used to create the membrane potential on animal cells (including humans)? Na+ - K+ pump (Na+ - K+ ATPase) How are the charges distributed across a nerve cell membrane once this membrane potential is created? Pumps 3 Na+ ions out of cell and 2 K+ ions into cell Creates an electro-chemical gradient across cell membrane. So outside is more positive, inside is more negative ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

https: //teachers. stjohns. k 12. fl. us/lyons-s/files/2018/09/AP-Bio-Cells-Practice-Test. pdf Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? A. CO 2 B. an amino acid C. glucose D. K+ E. starch ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across cell membranes. ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. G. 1 membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane.

A transport protein that generates voltage across electrogenic pump a membrane is called an ______ The main kind of transport used for this purpose Na+ - K+ pump in animal cells is the ____ The main kind of transport used for this purpose proton pump. in plant cells is the _______ ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins. b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

https: //www. labsource. com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/small_image/250 x/17 f 82 f 742 ffe 127 f 42 dca 9 de 82 fb 58 b 1/Kimble-Chase/kimble-chase-14000 -10. jpg Ψ = (Ψp) + (Ψs) Ψs = - i. CRT Calculate the (Ψs) following for a solution of 0. 2 M glucose at 20 °C Ψs = - (1) (0. 2) ( 0. 0831) (273+20) = = - 4. 87 bars ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. RELEVANT EQUATIONS- Water Potential SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

Name a kind of transport that uses vesicles to move substances across a membrane exocytosis endocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis (pinocytosis & phagocytosis) Which of these require energy? Which don’t? All of these require energy ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. F Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— a. In exocytosis, internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell. b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Which of the following would most readily move through a selectively permeable membrane? (A) small nonpolar molecule (B) protein hormone (C) large uncharged polar molecule (D) sodium ion ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. C. 4 Small nonpolar molecules, including N 2, O 2, and CO 2, freely pass across the membrane. Hydrophilic substances, such as large polar molecules and ions, move across the membrane through embedded channel and transport proteins. ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. . ENE 2. G. 2 Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport.

Describes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity p. H Vocab

Water potential = Ψs + Ψp Ψs = solute potential Ψp = pressure potential Ψs = -i. CRT Molarity where % mass change = 0 is isotonic to carrots Calculate the water potential (Ψ) of the carrot cores in sucrose at 22 °C. Ψ s = -(1) (0. 45) ( 0. 0831) (273+22) Ψ s = -11. 03 bars Ψ = (Ψs + Ψp) = (-11. 03) + 0 = -11. 03 bars ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. H. 1 External environments can be hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic to internal environments of cells— a. Water moves by osmosis from areas of high water potential/low osmolarity/ low solute concentration to areas of low water potential/high osmolarity/high solute concentration. SP 4. B Describe data from a table or graph, including a. Identifying specific data points b. Describing trends and/or patterns in the data SP 5 A. Perform mathematical calculations including: a. Mathematical equations in the curriculum

http: //www. biologymad. com/Nervous. System/nakpump. gif Name this kind of transport Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump (Na+-K+ ATPase) This kind of transport is ACTIVE _______ passive active Give an example of how this might be used in a cell. Na+-K+ pumps are main electrogenic pumps in eukaryotic cells. Ex: In nerve cells they set up the potential across cell membranes which allows the nerve cell to then be depolarized to send a nerve signal. Essential knowledge ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/rectpr. htm Name this kind of transport that enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances Receptor mediated endocytosis The molecules that bind to these ligands receptors are called _____ Give an example of a molecule that moves into cells in Cholesterol this way _________ LDL ligands bind receptors and attached cholesterol is taken into cell ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. B. 2. b. Membrane proteins are necessary for active transport. ENE 2. B. 2. c The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules from the external environment to the internal environment and vice versa, respectively ENE 2. B. 2. c. 1. 2 In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. IST 3. C. 1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular responses. IST 3. D. 1 Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger—a ligand—by a receptor protein in a target cell— a. The ligand-binding domain of a receptor recognizes a specific chemical messenger, which can be a peptide, a small chemical, or protein, in a specific one-to-one relationship. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

https: //teachers. stjohns. k 12. fl. us/lyons-s/files/2018/09/AP-Bio-Cells-Practice-Test. pdf Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion? a. It is very rapid over long distances. b. It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell. c. It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. d. It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. e. It requires integral proteins in the cell membrane. Water passes quickly through cell membranes because a. the bilayer is hydrophilic. b. it moves through hydrophobic channels. c. water movement is tied to ATP hydrolysis. d. it is a small, polar, charged molecule. e. it moves through aquaporins in the membrane ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— a. Large quantities of water pass through aquaporins.

Electrogenic pumps create voltage across cell membranes negative making the extracellular fluid more ________ negative positive than the cytoplasm. The water potential ψ for pure water at atmospheric zero pressure is ______ decreases the solute potential. The addition of solutes _____ increases decreases Ion channels that open or close in response gated to a signal are called ____ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane— b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. RELEVANT EQUATIONS – Water Potential

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Image from: https: //www. mayoclinic. org/-/media/kcms/gbs/patient-consumer/images/2013/11/19/10/20/bn 00033 -nerve-cells. ashx ttps: //lionden. com/graphics/AP/Na-K-pump. gif The nervous system is not specifically mentioned in the NEW 2019 CED BUT understanding how a nerve sends/receives a signal provides an huge number of illustrative examples of how different kinds of transport function in an applied context. (These kinds of transport are in the NEW 2019 CED). ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

Images from: https: //www. mayoclinic. org/-/media/kcms/gbs/patient-consumer/images/2013/11/19/10/20/bn 00033 -nerve-cells. ashx ttps: //lionden. com/graphics/AP/Na-K-pump. gif Use the description provided to IDENTIFY the kind of transport used to send a nerve signal. Tell if it is ACTIVE (A) or PASSIVE (P). A/P? TYPE OF TRANSPORT WHAT HAPPENS? A _____ Na+-K+ PUMP (ATPase) ___________ p _____ When a signal is received by 1 st nerve cell, the Ion channel (Voltage gated) ____________ membrane is depolarized by membrane proteins opening to allow Na+ and K+ to move down their gradients (Na+ rushes in and K+ out) Sets up membrane potential on cells by actively pumping 3 Na+ ions out/2 K+ ions into nerve cell ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential.

Image from: Campbell and Reese AP BIOLOGY 7 th edition Use the description provided to IDENTIFY the kind of transport used to send a nerve signal. Tell if it is ACTIVE (A) or PASSIVE (P). Presynaptic (sending) neuron Postsynaptic (receiving) neuron A/P? A _____ TYPE OF TRANSPORT Ion channel (Voltage gated) ___________ WHAT HAPPENS? Depolarization of the presynaptic neve cell causes a membrane protein to open allowing Ca ++ to flow into the cell

Image from: Campbell and Reese AP BIOLOGY 7 th edition Use the description provided to IDENTIFY the kind of transport used to send a nerve signal. Tell if it is ACTIVE (A) or PASSIVE (P). Presynaptic (sending) neuron Postsynaptic (receiving) neuron A/P? A _____ TYPE OF TRANSPORT EXOCYTOSIS ___________ WHAT HAPPENS? Ca++ ions cause the release of vesicles containing neurotransmitters into the space (synaptic cleft) between the cells

Image from: Campbell and Reese AP BIOLOGY 7 th edition Use the description provided to IDENTIFY the kind of transport used to send a nerve signal. Tell if it is ACTIVE (A) or PASSIVE (P). Presynaptic (sending) neuron Postsynaptic (receiving) neuron A/P? p _____ TYPE OF TRANSPORT Diffusion ___________ WHAT HAPPENS? Neurotransmitters move from an area of high concentration to low concentration across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron

Image from: Campbell and Reese AP BIOLOGY 7 th edition Use the description provided to IDENTIFY the kind of transport used to send a nerve signal. Tell if it is ACTIVE (A) or PASSIVE (P). NEUROTRANSMITTER Postsynaptic (receiving) neuron A/P? p _____ TYPE OF TRANSPORT Ion channel (ligand gated )_ ___________ WHAT HAPPENS? Binding to a receptor opens a channel to allow Na + and K+ to move down their gradients (Na+ rushes in and K + out) depolarizing the membrane.

http: //academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu/biology/bio 4 fv/page/rectpr. htm Campbell Concept check After a neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic neuron and the signal has been sent, in some cases the signal ends by the presynaptic neuron taking the signaling molecules back up by endocytosis. Would you expect this to occur by pinocytosis or by receptor mediated endocytosis? EXPLAIN Receptor mediated endocytosis because in this case one specific molecule needs to be taken up at a particular time; pinocytosis takes up molecules in a non-specific manner In other cases the signal ends by the neurotransmitter floating away out of the synaptic cleft down its concentration gradient. This DIFFUSION would be an example of what kind of transport? _______ ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. F. 2 The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy to move large molecules into and out of cells— b. In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane. SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

Images from: https: //www. mayoclinic. org/-/media/kcms/gbs/patient-consumer/images/2013/11/19/10/20/bn 00033 -nerve-cells. ashx ttps: //lionden. com/graphics/AP/Na-K-pump. gif Use the description provided to IDENTIFY the kind of transport used to send a nerve signal. Tell if it is ACTIVE (A) or PASSIVE (P). A/P? A _____ TYPE OF TRANSPORT WHAT HAPPENS? Na+-K+ PUMP (ATPase) ___________ Once the signal has been received, the membrane potential on the cell is reset by actively pumping 3 Na+ ions out/2 K+ ions into nerve cell ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE 2. E. 1 Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy. ENE 2. E. 3 Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. ENE 2. G. 1 Membrane proteins are required for facilitated diffusion of charged and large polar molecules through a membrane b. Charged ions, including Na+ and K+, require channel proteins to move through the membrane. c. Membranes may become polarized by movement of ions across the membrane. ENE 2. G. 3 Metabolic energy (such as from ATP) is required for active transport of molecules and/ or ions across the membrane and to establish and maintain concentration gradients. ENE 2. G. 4 The Na+/K+ ATPase contributes to the maintenance of the membrane potential SP 1 C. Explain biological concepts, processes, and/or models in applied contexts.

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PAST Transport FRQ’s 2013 MC Exam Released to public by College Board 2019 #2 SCORING GUIDELINES Effect of osmotic change 2019 #8 SCORING GUIDELINES Identify transport/predict effect 2018 #2 SCORING GUIDELINES Effect of osmotic change 2017 #8 SCORING GUIDELINES Transport/location of hormones in signaling 2016 #1 SCORING GUIDELINES Effect of salinity on alleles in population NOT SECURE EXAM QUESTIONS posted to public on College board website

http: //giphy. com/gifs/end-looney-tunes-thats-all-folks-j. YAGkoghdm. D 9 S