AP BIO BIG IDEA REVIEWDNA Living systems store

AP BIO BIG IDEA REVIEW-DNA Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.

Image: © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES? PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Single chromosome Many chromosomes Circular (loop) Rod-shaped bundles In cytoplasm In nucleus (no nucleus) Histones attached No histones Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Noneukaryotic organisms have circular chromosomes, while eukaryotic organisms have multiple linear chromosomes, although in biology there are exceptions to this rule

Image from: http: //blog. carolinampulido. es/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Mc. Clintock 2. jpg Barbara Mc. Clintock discovered segments of DNA that can move between TRANSPOSONS chromosomes called ________ or “jumping genes” which result in new genetic recombinations. Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1. B. 3] ✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

A virus that infects bacteria is called a ________ BACTERIOPHAGE 3. C. 3. A. 6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1. B. 3] http: //faculty. uca. edu/~johnc/mbi 1440. htm

How is the production of m. RNA’s different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES translation immediate coupled to transcription m. RNA must pass out of nucleus before translation In cytoplasm/no nucleus No m. RNA processing in nucleus pre-m. RNA is processed -introns removed -poly-A tail/GTP cap 3. A. 1. c. 2. In eukaryotic cells the m. RNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated modifications. 3. Translation of the m. RNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome. 4. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation and termination.

Viral DNA that is incorporated into the bacterial host DNA during the lysogenic cycle is called a ______ prophage Name the enzyme used to join DNA fragments to make a recombinant plasmid ligase

Scientists use PCR for what purpose? Make multiple copies (amplify) a small sample of DNA In lab you used PCR to amplify DNA from the family with Niemann Pick disorder. In order for the PCR machine to make multiple copies of the DNA what needs to be part of the reaction mix that is added to the DNA nucleotides, primers, Taq polymerase Watch a video about PCR Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

http: //bio 3400. nicerweb. net/bio 1151/Locked/media/ch 18/18_07 Lamda. Lytic. Lyso. Cycle. jpg Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage. lysogenic 3. C. 3. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 2. Some viruses are able to integrate into the host DNA and establish a latent (lysogenic) infection. These latent viral genomes can result in new properties for the host such as increased pathogenicity in bacteria.

Give some examples of products produced using genetic engineering to benefit humans Genetically modified food EX: Golden rice Transgenic organisms EX: oil spill eating bacteria Pharmaceuticals EX: bacteria that produce human growth hormone, insulin, blood clotting factors Agriculture: EX: tomatoes with antifreeze gene, herbicide resistant corn 3. A. 1. f. Illustrative examples of products of genetic engineering include: • Genetically modified foods • Transgenic animals • Cloned animals • Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X

Image from: https: //www. withfriendship. com/images/i/40591/Bacterial-conjugation-wallpaper. jpg The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is passed directly from one bacterium to another via a CONJUGATION sex pillus is called ________ Enduring understanding 3. C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1. B. 3]

Image from: https: //s 3. amazonaws. com/classconnection/216/flashcards/4943216/jpg/27_11 transduction_4 -l-1492 B 329 E 510056 FD 0 C. jpg The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which DNA is moved from one bacterium to another via viral infection is called TRANSDUCTION ________ Essential knowledge 3. C. 3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell. [See also 1. B. 3] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Transduction in bacteria

Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show that the sickle cell mutation caused a change in the DNA code. He cut the gene from a person with normal hemoglobin and a person with sickle cell anemia with a restriction enzyme and compared them using RFLP analysis. Use what you know about the sickle cell mutation to EXPLAIN why the gel patterns in these people might show different numbers and lengths of fragments on a gel. SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6. 2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices

http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/4 -140318210158 -phpapp 01/95/biotechnology-4 -61 -638. jpg? cb=1395195168 Sickle cell mutation changes the DNA code so restriction enzyme does not recognize that spot as a cut site. Restriction enzyme cuts the sickle cell DNA in one less spot so produces a larger fragment instead of 2 smaller fragments. SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6. 2 The student can construct explanations of phenomena based on evidence produced through scientific practices

MAKE A PREDICTION about what the gel pattern from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cell allele might look like. SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6. 1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/4 -140318210158 -phpapp 01/95/biotechnology-4 -61 -638. jpg? cb=1395195168

Heterozygotes have one sickle cell allele and one wild type (normal) allele… so they have the band seen in the sickle cell lane AND the bands seen in the wild type lane. SP 6: The student can work with scientific explanations and theories. 6. 1 The student can make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/4 -140318210158 -phpapp 01/95/biotechnology-4 -61 -638. jpg? cb=1395195168

Image from: https: //classconnection. s 3. amazonaws. com/737/flashcards/1944737/png/transformation 1352235811443. png The type of horizontal transfer of DNA shown in the diagram in which naked DNA is incorporation into a bacterium is called TRANSFORMATION ________ Enduring understanding 3. C: The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and the transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation [See also 1. B. 3]

A virus that infects bacteria is called a ________ BACTERIOPHAGE http: //faculty. uca. edu/~johnc/mbi 1440. htm 3. C. 3. A. 6. b. The reproductive cycles of viruses facilitate transfer of genetic information. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1. B. 3]

Hershey and Chase showed that DNA was the genetic code molecule by labeling DNA phage ______with radioactive 32 P and _______ protein with radioactive 35 S and following where these molecules ended up when phages infected bacteria. http: //www. accessexcellence. org/RC/VL/GG/images/HERSHEY. gif Essential knowledge 3. A. 1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. a. Genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next through DNA or RNA. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 4. The proof that DNA is the carrier of genetic information involved a number of important historical experiments. These include: iii. Hershey-Chase experiment. Essential knowledge 3. C. 3. Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation in the hosts. b. 1. Viruses transmit DNA or RNA when they infect a host cell [See also 1. B. 3. ]

http: //bio 3400. nicerweb. net/bio 1151/Locked/media/ch 18/18_07 Lamda. Lytic. Lyso. Cycle. jpg Identify this virus life cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the host chromosome as a prophage. lytic 3. C. 3. a. 2. Viruses replicate via a component assembly model allowing one virus to produce many progeny simultaneously via the lytic cycle. .

HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA in prokaryotes includes: Uptake of naked DNA transformation from viruses or bacteria _____________ Transfer of DNA from one bacterium transduction to another during viral infection __________ conjugation Cell-to-cell transfer via sex pili ___________ sometimes called “bacterial sex” Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1. B. 3] ✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

Image from: http: //biology-forums. com/index. php? action=gallery; sa=view; id=5129 The HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF DNA between bacterial cells that can form sex pili is called __________ conjugation Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1. B. 3] ✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

Animation from: http: //www. benettonplay. com/toys/flipbookdeluxe/flipbooks_gif/2013/02/19/428691. gif Name this type of viral life cycle. Lytic Essential knowledge 3. C. 2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation. b. The horizontal acquisitions of genetic information primarily in prokaryotes via transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral transmission of genetic information), conjugation (cell-to-cell transfer) and transposition (movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules) increase variation. [See also 1. B. 3] ✘✘ Details and specifics about the various processes are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.

In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, E. coli bacteria were treated with Ca. Cl 2 solution and “heat shocked”. What was the purpose of doing this? These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, predict what will happen on these plates These help make the bacterial cells “competent” to take up the plasmid Bacteria that have picked up the plasmid with amp. R gene can grow here. Those w/o the plasmid will not be able to grow. Bacteria that have picked up the plasmid can grow here. Arabinose causes bacteria to “glow” Bacteria w/o the plasmid containing the amp. R gene can’t grow here. Bacteria w/o the plasmid are able to grow creating a “lawn” 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

In the bacterial transformation lab you conducted in class, E. coli bacteria were induced to pick up the p. GLO plasmid and plated on the following media. LB nutrient broth + ampicillin + arabinose On which of these plates would you expect to see bacteria expressing the GFP gene? E. coli with the p. GLO plasmid could grow on all of these, but would only glow on the plate with arabinose added because this sugar turns on the ara gene which also results in the expression of the “glowing” gene. 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Plasmid-based transformation LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [

EXPLAIN the relationship between FRAGMENT SIZE and DISTANCE MOVED on a gel. Smaller fragments move faster and farther along the gel 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

If C is the parent of B, who is the other parent? A 1 A 2 A 3 FROM; http: //www. slideshare. net/thelawofscience/biotechnology-dna-fingerprinting 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

EXPLAIN why DNA fragments move along the gel toward the POSITIVE pole when an electric current is applied to the gel. - Phosphate groups in DNA Backbone have a negative charge which is attracted to the positive pole. + 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

FROM; http: //www. slideshare. net/thelawofscience/biotechnology-dna-fingerprinting Which person is the most likely suspect in this crime? 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA LO 3. 5 The student can justify the claim that humans can manipulate heritable information by identifying at least two commonly used technologies. [See SP 6. 4]

IMAGE FROM; https: //wikispaces. psu. edu/display/230/Recombinant+DNA+Technology Linus Pauling used RFLP analysis to show that the sickle cell mutation caused a change in the DNA code. He cut the gene from a person with normal hemoglobin and a person with sickle cell anemia with a restriction enzyme and compared them using RFLP analysis. Make a prediction about what the gel pattern from a person who is heterozygous for the sickle cell allele might look like. 3. A. 1. e. Genetic engineering techniques can manipulate the heritable information of DNA and, in special cases, RNA. • Electrophoresis • Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA