GENETICS PRACTICE Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Watch videos
GENETICS PRACTICE Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology Watch videos BOZEMAN- Beginner’s Guide to Punnett Squares BOZEMAN- Mendelian genetics Chromosomal Genetics (Non-Mendelian) BOZEMAN- Advanced genetics
2020 CED ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE IST 1. I. 2 b. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genetically linked genes) can often be predicted from data, including pedigree, that give the parent genotype/phenotype and the offspring genotypes/phenotypes. IST-1. J. 1 Patterns of inheritance of many traits do not follow ratios predicted by Mendel’s laws and can be identified by quantitative analysis, where observed phenotypic ratios statistically differ from the predicted ratios— a. Genes that are adjacent and close to one another on the same chromosome may appear to be genetically linked; the probability that genetically linked genes will segregate as a unit can be used to calculate the map distance between them. IST-1. J. 2 Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes and are known as sex-linked traits. The pattern of inheritance of sex-linked traits can often be predicted from data, including pedigree, indicating the parent genotype/phenotype and the offspring genotypes/phenotypes. SP 2. B Explain relationships between different characteristics of biological concepts, processes, or models represented visually b. In applied contexts.
GENETICS PRACTICE PROBLEMS P 1 = Parental F 1 = Filial (pffspring) F 2 = Filial (pffspring) http: //hus. yksd. com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/Fourth. Quarter/Chapter 11/11 -1/images/Mendel. Experiment. gif
Refresh your “Bio Brain” about: GENETICS VOCAB DOMINANT: gene that hides another represented by capital letter RECESSIVE: gene that is hidden by another represented by lower case letter
Refresh your “Bio Brain” about: GENETICS VOCAB HOMOZYGOUS (pure-breeding): Organism with two identical alleles for a gene TT OR tt HETEROZYGOUS (hybrid): Organism with two different alleles for a gene Tt
Refresh your “Bio Brain” about: GENETICS VOCAB GENOTYPE: Genetic make up of an organism “What genes it has” PHENOTYPE: Appearance of an organism “Way it looks”
Probability is the likelihood that an event will occur It can be written as a: Fraction ____ 1/4 25% Percent ____ Ratio ____ 1: 3
http: //www. arborsci. com/Cool. Stuff/Coin. Flip. jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: 1/2 ____ 1: 1 NOT 1: 2! 50% ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses.
What is the probability? Aa. BBCc. Dd parent genome What is the probability of producing a gamete with this gene combination? ABCD _______________ abc. D ________________ Abcd ________________
What is the probability? Aa. BBCc. Dd parent genome What is the probability of producing a gamete with this gene combination? ½ X 1 X ½ = 1/8 ABCD _______________ ½ X 0 X½ X½ =0 abc. D ________________ ½ X 1 X ½ = 1/8 ABcd ________________
What is the probability? Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd parent genome What is the probability of producing a gamete with this gene combination? ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/16 ABcd _______________ ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/16 Abc. D________________
What is the probability? Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd X Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd parents What is the probability of producing an offspring with this gene combination? aabbcc. Dd _______________ Aa. BBcc. DD_______________ Aa. BBCCDd_______________
What is the probability? Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd X Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd parents What is the probability of producing a offspring with this gene combination? ¼ X ¼ X ½ = 1/128 aabbcc. Dd ______________ X ¼ X ¼ = 1/128 ½ Aa. BBcc. DD_______________ = 1/64 X ¼ ½ X ½ Aa. BBCCDd_______________
What is the probability? Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd X Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd parents What is the probability of producing a offspring with this gene combination? AABb. Cc. Dd _______________ Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd________________
What is the probability? Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd X Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd parents What is the probability of producing a offspring with this gene combination? ¼ X ½ X ½ = 1/32 AABb. Cc. Dd _______________ ½ X ½ X ½ =1/16 Aa. Bb. Cc. Dd________________
PEDIGREES = male; doesn’t show trait = female; doesn’t show trait = shows trait = carrier; doesn’t show trait
1 3 2 4 Circle all males that show the trait BLUE Circle all females that show the trait RED Circle all carrier females GREEN Circle all carrier males PURPLE If this is an autosomal recessive trait, what is the genotype of individual #1? If this is an autosomal recessive trait, what is the genotype of individual # 2? If this is an autosomal recessive trait, what is the genotype of individual #3?
2 1 3 Circle all males that show the trait BLUE Circle all females that show the trait RED 4 Circle all carrier females GREEN Circle all carrier males PURPLE If this is an autosomal recessive trait, what is the genotype of individual #1? If this is an autosomal recessive trait, what is the genotype of individual # 2? If this is an autosomal recessive trait, what is the genotype of individual #3?
Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol. Is it possible that this pedigree is for an autosomal recessive trait?
Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol. Aa Aa Aa or AA aa Is it possible that this pedigree is for an autosomal recessive trait? YES
Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol. Is it possible that this pedigree is for an X-linked recessive trait?
Write the genotype of each individual next to the symbol. XB X b Daughter had to get Xb from DAD XB Y But DAD doesn’t show trait so doesn’t have Xb to give XB Y Xb X b Is it possible that this pedigree is for an X-linked recessive trait? NO
Could this trait be inherited as AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE? Fill in genotypes of affected individuals aa aa aa http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE? Possible if. . . Aa aa A? aa aa Aa aa http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1 Aa aa Yes
Is this trait inherited as AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT? Fill in genotypes of affected individuals A? A? A? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT? If individual shows trait one of parents must also have trait. A? A? NO A? A? A? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as X-LINKED RECESSIVE? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as X-LINKED RECESSIVE? Fill in genotypes of affected individuals Xa. Xa Xa. Y Xa. Xa http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as X-LINKED RECESSIVE? NO If female has trait dad must show it too Xa. Xa XAXa Xa. Y XA Y Xa. Y XA Xa Xa Y Xa. Xa XA Xa Xa. Y XA Xa Xa. Xa http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1 Daughter has trait, but dad doesn’t have allele or would be filled in
Is this trait inherited as X-LINKED DOMINANT? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as X-LINKED DOMINANT? Fill in genotypes of affected individuals XAX? XA Y A ? XA Y X X XA Y XA X? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1
Is this trait inherited as X-LINKED DOMINANT? If male has it came from mother If dad has it, so should daughters XAX? XA Y A ? XA Y X X XA Y XA X? Son has it, but mom doesn’t XA Y XA X? http: //www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol 1128. htm#A 1 NO Dad has it but not daughters
The inheritance of the disorder in II-3 from his father rules out what form of inheritance? Xb Y Can’t be X-linked recessive Males get their X-linked allele from their mother If dad passed to son it must be AUTOSOMAL http: //www. mybookezzz. org/ebook. php? u=a. HR 0 c. Dov. L 21 j. Yi 5 i. ZXJr. ZWxle. S 5 l. ZHUv. Y 291 cn. Nlcy 9 t. Y 2 I 0 MS 9 wcm. Fjd. Glj. ZV 9 wcm 9 ib. GVtc 19 hbn. N 3 Ln. Bk. Zgp. Qcm. Fjd. Glj. ZSBwc m 9 ib. GVtcy. Aod 2 l 0 a. CBhbn. N 3 ZXJz. KSBUa. Glz. IHRo. ZSBk. ZWdy. ZWUgb 2 Yg. ZGlm. Zmljd. Wx 0 e. SBv. Zi. Au. Li 4=
If CLOSE TOGETHER on homologous chromosomes, STAY TOGETHER and end up together 100% of time Act like one gene
http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/meiosisnotes-100204185918 -phpapp 02/95/meiosis-notes-23 -728. jpg? cb=1265310007 CROSSING OVER If far apart on homologous chromosomes, end up together 50% of time RECOMBINANTS- Put different maternal/paternal alleles together on different chromosomes
http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/meiosisnotes-100204185918 -phpapp 02/95/meiosis-notes-23 -728. jpg? cb=1265310007 INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT If on different chromosomes, END UP TOGETHER 50% of time.
Wild type wings Vestigial wings Parents (P) Black body Wild type body (tan yellow) F 1 offspring When F 1’s make gametes PROPHASE I Crossing over makes recombinants CROSS WITH HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for tan-yellow body and normal wings) is mated with a black fly with vestigial wings. OFFSPRING: 778 - wild type 785 - black-vestigial 158 - black- normal wings 162 - tan-yellow body-vestigial wings Is it 9: 3: 3: 1? (2 genes on 2 different chromosomes) Is it 3 Wild type : 1 black vestigial? (linked on homologous chromosomes)
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for tan-yellow body and normal wings) is mated with a black fly with vestigial wings. OFFSPRING: 778 - wild type 785 - black-vestigial 158 - black- normal wings 162 - tan-yellow body-vestigial wings What is the recombination frequency between these genes?
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for tan-yellow body and normal wings) is mated with a black fly with vestigial wings. Recombinants = Total 320 = 17% 1883 OFFSPRING: 778 - wild type 785 - black-vestigial 158 - black- normal wings 162 - tan-yellow body-vestigial wings
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for tan-yellow body and red eyes) is mated with a black fly with purple eyes. OFFSPRING: 721 - gray body/red eyes 751 - black body/purple eyes 49 - tan-yellow body/purple eyes 45 - black body/red-eyes What is the recombination frequency between these genes?
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for tan-yellow body and red eyes) is mated with a black fly with purple eyes. Recombinants = Total 94 = 6 % 1566 OFFSPRING: 721 - gray body/red eyes 751 - black body/purple eyes 49 - tan-yellow body/purple eyes 45 - black body/red-eyes What is the recombination frequency between these genes?
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for normal bristles and red eyes) is mated with a spineless bristle fly with sepia eyes. OFFSPRING: 648 - normal bristles/red eyes 681 - spineless bristles/sepia eyes 72 - normal bristles/sepia eyes 83 - spineless bristles/red-eyes What is the recombination frequency between these genes?
A Wild type fruit fly (heterozygous for normal bristles and red eyes) is mated with a spineless bristle fly with sepia eyes. Recombinants = OFFSPRING: Total 648 - normal bristles/red eyes 681 - spineless bristles/sepia eyes 155 = 10. 4% 1484 72 - normal bristles/sepia eyes 83 - spineless bristles/red-eyes What is the recombination frequency between these genes?
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-C 20% A-D 10% B-C 15% B-D 5%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies 5 A-D not 10%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-D not 10%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies 55 A-D not 10%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies 55 10 A-D not 10% A B D C OR CDBA
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-C 10% A-D 30% B-C 24% B-D 16%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies B-C not = 24%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies B-C not = 24%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies C A B D OR D B A C
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-B 8% A-C 28% A-D 25% B-C 20% B-D 33%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-B 8% A-C 28% A-D 25% B-C 20% B-D 33%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-B 8% A-C 28% A-D 25% B-C 20% B-D 33%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-B 8% A-C 28% A-D 25% B-C 20% B-D 33% A-D = 25% but A-B not 8%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-B 8% A-C 28% A-D 25% B-C 20% B-D 33%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-B 8% A-C 28% A-D 25% B-C 20% B-D 33% A-C not = 28%
Determine the sequence of genes along a chromosome based on the following recombination frequencies A-B 8% A-C 28% A-D 25% B-C 20% B-D 33% C B A D OR DABC
A large ear of corn has a total of 500 kernals, including 312 purple & starchy, 73 purple & sweet, 76 yellow & starchy, and 39 yellow & sweet. HYPOTHESIS: This ear of corn was produced by a dihybrid cross (Pp. Ss X Pp. Ss) involving two pairs of heterozygous genes resulting in a theoretical (expected) ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1. Test your hypothesis using Chi-square and probability values. SHOW YOUR WORK!
H 0 - There is no difference between the frequencies observed and the frequencies expected for a HETEROZYGOUS DIHYBRID (9: 3: 3: 1) cross. TOTAL = 500 offspring IF 9: 3: 3: 1 then expect: Purple & Starchy = 500 X 9/16 = 281. 25 Purple & Sweet = 500 X 3/16 = 93. 75 Yellow & Starchy = 500 X 3/16 = 93. 75 Yellow & Sweet = 500 X 1/16 = 31. 25 312 73 76 39 281. 25 93. 75 31. 25 4 -1= 3 30. 75 -20. 75 -17. 75 945. 56 430. 56 315. 06 60. 06 3. 36 4. 59 3. 36 1. 92 13. 23 is larger than 7. 82 REJECT THE NULL There is a difference between observed and expected for 9: 3: 3: 1 = NOT A 9: 3: 3: 1 cross
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