PHONETICS LI 2023 NATHALIE F MARTIN Made to

PHONETICS LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN

Made to Speak Contemporary Linguistics: p. 2. ____: to supply air for speech _______: to produce vibrations for speech sounds ____: to articulate vowels and consonants ____: to provide place of articulation ____: to articulate vowels and consonants ____: to provide nasal resonance during speech

1. 1 Specialization for Language Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 2. Organ Survival Speech Lungs Exchange CO 2 for O 2 Air flow Vocal Cords Cover tube to lungs Vibration Tongue Move food in mouth Articulation Teeth Chew food Articulation Lips Seal oral cavity Articulation Nose Breathing Nasal resonance

Introduction Spoken Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves Humans ____before they ____ Ø Reason why linguists ____with the study of spoken rather than written language

Phonetics Definition: The study of the ____and ____of the sounds of speech. Analyzes the ____of all human speech sounds, ____________.

Approaches to Phonetics Articulatory phonetics Studies the ____________of speech production Acoustic phonetics Measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the _______we produce when we speak

Phones Definition: _______ Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds? ______ The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200 vowels

Units of representation Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds Segments (individual phones or speech sounds) Syllables Nota: Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic

International Phonetic Alphabet The IPA is a system of ____ Represent ____of human speech with a ________ « One sound, one symbol » Important: Enclosed in ________

Explore the IPA Go through pronunciation of words Do you notice any difference between these sounds? Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used to represent a vowel. IPA Look at the information mentioned What are the classifications mentioned in the consonant chart?

IPA Transcription Broad transcription Uses a _______set of symbols to represent _________but does not show all ____ Narrow transcription Show _______using an ____set of symbols Ø Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:

IPA Diacritics Contemporary Linguistics: p. 635. « Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way » Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness. See your IPA chart http: //www. chass. utoronto. ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy

For help with phonetics Linking sounds to symbols: IPA Help, SIL International http: //www. sil. org/computing/speechtools/ipahelp. htm Identifying articulatory features: Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of Toronto http: //www. chass. utoronto. ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy Practice transcribing:

Made to Speak

Specialization for Language: Made to Speak http: //www. uiowa. edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset. html

Sound-Producing System Features Contemporary Linguistics: p. 17. Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including: ________

Sound-producing System Sound is produced when air is ______ Sets of ______modify the sound in various ways

Sound-producing system Lungs Vocal cords (or vocal ____) Larynx (vocal folds are within larynx) (the velum is the soft area Towards the rear of the roof of the mouth)

Sound-producing system Three filters: Pharynx (the tube between the larynx and the oral cavity) Oral cavity Nasal cavity

Glottal States

Sound-producing system Glottal States

Sound-producing system Glottal States ____: Space between the vocal folds Vocal folds may be ____in a number of ways to produce different ________

Glottal States Voicelessness When the vocal folds are ____. The air passes ________the glottis. Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless. Put your fingertips to your larynx. Fish Sing House

Glottal States Voicing When the vocal folds are ________, but ________. Air passes through and causes them to _______. Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced. Put your fingertips to your larynx. Zip Vow Or any vowel

Glottal States Whispering is voiceless. No vibration of the cords. The vocal cords are ________ (though ____________).

Glottal States Murmur Known as a breathy voice Murmuring is voiced Vibration of the vocal cords Vocal folds are ____to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.

Sound Classes CONSONANTS VOWELS GLIDES

Sound classes Consonants Articulatory difference: May be ________ May be made with either a ________or a ____of the vocal tract The airflow is either ____momentarily or ____so much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction. Consonants cannot be the ________

Sound classes Vowels Articulatory difference: Vowels are produced with ________in the vocal tract and are usually ____ Acoustic Difference: Vowels are more ____ (acoustically powerful) Perceived as louder and longer lasting Vowels can be the ____of a syllable.

Sound classes Glides Shows properties of ________ May be thought of a ________ (auditory impression they produce) Produced with an ____like that of a vowel Glides can never be the ____of a syllable Aka. ________, ______

The Tongue Primary articulation organ It can be: Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back Five areas of the tongue: Tip, blade, body, back and root

Place of Articulation

Consonants Place of Articulation Also called ________ Each point at which air stream can be _______to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation Places of articulation are found at the ____, within the ____, in the ____and at the ____.

Consonants Place of Articulation

Place of articulation Labial Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the ______is said to be labial. Bilabial: sounds involving ____ Example: Labiodental: sounds involving the ____ and the ____ Example: http: //www. uiowa. edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset. html

Place of articulation Dental and interdental Sounds produced with the tongue placed ______ or ____the ____ Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi) Interdental: Produced with the tongue _______ the ____ Example: The words thing & this

Place of articulation Alveolar Sounds produced when the tongue ____or is brought ____to the ________ Example: + Spanish “r” = [r] http: //www. uiowa. edu: 80/~acadtech/phonetics/spanish/frameset. html (Lingual-alveolar)

Place of articulation Alveopalatal & palatal Alveopalatal area: Just behind the alveolar ridge the roof of the mouth _______sharply Alveopalatal consonants: Example: Show, measure, chip & judge Palatal glide: Example: Yes & yours

Place of articulation Velar Velum: ____area towards the ____of the mouth Velar: Sounds produced with tongue touching or near this position Example: Call, guy & hang Labiovelar: Sounds produced with ________ and the ____at the same time _____ like in wet

Place of articulation Uvular Uvula: Small fleshly ____that hangs down from the ____. Uvular: Sounds produced with the tongue touching or near this position. None in English European French « r » = [R]

Place of articulation Pharyngeal Pharynx: Area of the ____between the uvula and the larynx. Sounds made through the modification of the air flow in the pharynx by ________or ____________ [ʕ] Example: The Arabic letter « » ﻉ like in Jesus

Place of articulation Glottal Sounds produced using the ____as primary articulation Example: Hog, heave

Manner of Articulation

Manner of articulation Oral vs Nasal Oral: Velum is ____cutting of the airflow to the nasal passages Nasal: Velum is ____to allow air to pass ____the nasal passages Both consonants ([n] [m] [ŋ]) and vowels ([ã] [õ] etc. ) can be nasal and are generally voiced Example: Sun, sum, sung No nasal vowels in English

Manner of articulation Stops are made with a _______either in the oral cavity or at the glottis In English: Bilabial, alveolar and velar oral and nasal stops [p], [b], [m], [t], [d], [n], [k], [g], [ŋ] & [ʔ] Examples: Glottal stop in the sound [ʔ] like in the expression uh-uh (meaning “no”) or like in some British dialects [ʔ] is heard instead of a “t” (example: bottle)

Manner of articulation Fricatives: Consonants produced with a ________through the mouth Part of a larger class called continuants English fricatives: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] & [h]

Manner of articulation Affricates Affricate: Non-continuous consonant that show a ____________. Affication: A process in which palatalized stops become afficates [ʧ] & [ʤ] Example: Church & Jogging

Manner of articulation Voice Lag and Aspiration Lag: After the release of certain voiceless stops in English, you can hear a lag or brief delay before voicing the following vowel Aspiration: Since the lag in the onset of vocalic voicing is accompanied by the ____ Transcribed with a small [h] Examples: pat [phæt], tub [thʌb] and cope [ khowp] Examples of unaspirated: spat [spæt], stub [stʌb] and cope [ skowp]

Manner of articulation Liquids Different variants of « r » and « l » Lateral: Varieties of « l » As laterals are articulated, air escapes through the mouth ____the lowered ____of the tongue English « r » ____the tongue tip back into the mouth or by ____the tongue upwards and back in the mouth

Manner of articulation Liquids (continued) English « r » Retroflex [ɹ] or [r] = Curling the tongue tip back into the mouth or by bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth Example: car & ride Transcribed as [r] in textbook Flap [ɾ] = Tongue tip ____the _______ as it passes across it Example: North American pronunciation of bitter & butter

Glides

Manner of articulation Glides Glide: Very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment _____or ____ [j]: Palatal glide W-glide [w]: Tongue raised and pulled back near the ____ and with ________ or rounded. [M]: Voiceless (labio)velar fricative glide Example: When, where, which (but not in witch)

Vowels

Vowels Vowels: Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the ____ more ____ than it is for consonants and glide articulation Produced by varying the placement of the body of the ____ and ____ Can be altered by protruding or rounding the lips, by lowering the velum to produce nasal vowels or by constriction.

Vowels Simple vowels and Diphthongs Simple vowels: Do not show a noticeable change in quality during their articulation [i], [I], [ɛ], [ɑ], [ɒ], [ə], [ʌ], [ʊ], [u], [ɔ] & [æ] Example: Pit, set, cat, dog, but, put & suppose. Diphthongs: Vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable [ei], [ej]*, [a. I], [aj]*, [au], [ɔI], [ou], [ij]*, [uw]*, [ow]* & [aw]* Example: Say, buy, cow, ice, lout, go, boy.

IPA Vowel Chart

IPA Vowel Chart

Vowels IPA Vowel Chart (Diphthongs)

Vowels Tense and lax Tense vowels: Produced with placement of the tongue that results in ____ vocal tract ____ [i], [ej] , [u] , [ow], [ɑ] , [aj] , [aw] & [oj] Example: heat, mate, shoot, coat, lock, lies, loud & boy Lax vowels: Produced with ____ articulation [ɪ], [ɛ] , [æ] , [ʊ], [ɔ] , [ʌ] & [ə]* Example: hit, met, mat, should, ought, cut, Canada * Schwa [ə]: is a reduced vowel (very brief duration)

Suprasegmentals LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT WAYS TO MARK PROSODIC PROPERTIES OF SOUNDS.

Suprasegmentals All phones have suprasegmental (or prosodic) properties ________

Suprasegmentals Pitch All humans have the ability to control the level of pitch in their speech By controlling the tension of the vocal folds and the amount of air that passes through the glottis Tense vocal folds + greater air pressure = higher pitch There are two kinds of controlled pitch movements: ____ and ____

Suprasegmentals Pitch: Tone language: A language where differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch Ex: ____

Suprasegmentals Pitch: Tone Register tones: Level tones that signal meaning differences Some tone language have 2 or 3, even 4 tones Ex: High tone, middle tone, low tone Marked with diacritic [´] for high tones [`] for low tones Contour tones: Ex: Mandarin Rising pitch Falling pitch

Suprasegmentals Pitch: Intonation: Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is ____ to differences in ________ Often does serve to convey information Terminal (intonation) contour Final intonation at the end = signals that the utterance is complete Non-terminal (intonation) contour Rising or level intonation at the end = often signals incompleteness

Suprasegmentals Pitch: Intonation Different intonation rules depending on English speaker: Ex: “Correct change, please”

Suprasegmentals Length: Vowels and consonants whose articulation takes longer relative to that of other vowels and consonants Marked with ____ : [: ] or IPA colon Nota: Not the same as English long and short vowels Ex: Hat [hæt] & hate [hejt]

Suprasegmentals Stress Some vowels are ____ as more ____ than others Ex: [thɛləgræfɪk] = [ɛ] and [æ] Vowel nuclei that are more prominent than other are [ɛ] and [æ]

Suprasegmentals Stress: A cover term for the combined effect of pitch, loudness and length Marked by diacritics: [´] for the most prominent or primary stress [`] for the second most prominent or secondary stress Examples in book (p. 38) Examples in dictionary. com MY TRICK: Rapper Stress Test

Speech Production

Speech Production Is not a series of isolated events Complex Ø Articulatory organs are operating independently of each other Many fine adjustments are carried out very rapidly as we speak. As a consequence, speech production often results in the articulation of one sound affecting that of another sound

Speech Production Coarticulation: More than one articulator is active Example: The sound [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with tongue) Ø Resulting in the tongue moving to the alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]

Speech Production Processes: Articulatory ____ that occur during the production of ________ Result in : A more ____ articulation A more ____ output

Speech Production Processes Making articulation more ____ Example: Bank = [bæŋk] Ø Ø [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the nasalization of the vowel [æ] Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Ø Results in a more palatal [k]

Speech Production Processes Other examples: Parade = [pəreɪd] Ø More efficient articulation results in the dropping of the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] Ø [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) = Voicelessness carried to [r]

Speech Production Processes Making articulation less efficient Lengthen consonants and vowels when they are asked to repeat a word Example: « It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! » Greater articulatory effort, but … Ø Results in a more ____ form that is easier to ____

Speech Production Processes Adding a segment Example: « Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Assimilation: A number of different processes that are the result of the ____ of one segment on another A sound becoming more ____ another nearby sound in terms of one or more phonetic characteristics

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Regressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ____ segment (e. g. , nasalization in English) Progressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ____ segment (e. g. , liquid -glide devoicing in English)

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Assimilation - Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant is caused by speakers ____ the lowering of the velum Example: Can’t [khænt] [æ] + [n] = nasalized [æ] Regressive assimilation or progressive assimilation?

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Assimilation - Voicing assimilation Devoicing: Example [p] of Please [pliz] (voiceless) + [l] (voiced) = devoiced [l] Voicing: Example Afbellen of[af] (off or over) in Dutch (to cancel): [f] (voiceless) + [b] (voiced) = [vb] (both voiced)

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Assimilation – Flapping A Process in which a dental or alveolar stop articulation changes to a flap [ɾ] articulation Example: Butter, writer, fatter, wader & waiter Example : “I bought it” [ajbɑtɪt] [ɑ] (stressed vowel) + [t] (dental consonant) = [ɾ] (flap) Flapping is considered a type of assimilation since it changes a non-continuant segment to a continuant segment

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. It results in two sounds becoming ____ alike in articulatory or acoustic terms. Results in a sequence of sounds that are easier to ____ and ____ Example: Fifths [fɪfθs] [f] + [θ] + [s] = [fts]

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Deletion: Is a process that ____ a segment from certain phonetic contexts Occurs in everyday ____ In English, the schwa [ə] is often deleted when the next vowel in the word is stressed Examples: parade, corrode, suppose [preid], [krowd] & [spowz]

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Epenthesis: Is a process that ____ a syllabic segment within an existing string of segments Example: warmth [wormθ] [wormpθ] Example: Something [sʌmθɪŋ] [sʌmpθɪŋ]

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Examples: Warmth [wormpθ] = [m] + [p] + [θ] Length [lɛŋkθ] = [ŋ] + [k] + [θ] Prince [prɪnts] = [n] + [t] + [s] Tenth [tɛntθ] = [n] + [t] + [θ] Nota: In English the epenthesized consonant are all nonsonorant, have the same place of articulation as the sonorant consonant to their ____, and have the save voicing as the non-sonorant consonant to their ____

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Metathesis: Is a process that ____ a sequence of segments Often results in a sequence of phones that are easier to ____ Common amongst children Examples: Spaghetti = pesghetti [pəskɛɾi] Prescribe = perscribe [pərskraɪb] Prescription = perscription [pərskrɪpʃən]

Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes Vowel reduction: A process that ____ the articulation of a vowel (typically unstressed vowel) to a more _______ In English: Reduction of a full vowel to a schwa [ə] Example: Canada [khænədə] (stressed vowel = æ) Canadian [khənejdiən] (stressed vowel = ej)

Speech Production Articulatory Processes? The sound [pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with tongue) Ø Resulting in the tongue moving to the alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]

Speech Production Articulatory Processes? Bank = [bæŋk] Ø Ø [æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant) Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the nasalization of the vowel [æ] Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense) Ø Results in a more palatal [k]

Speech Production Articulatory Processes? Parade = [pəreɪd] Ø More efficient articulation results in the dropping of the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd] Ø [p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) = Voicelessness carried to [r]

Speech Production Articulatory Processes? Example: « It’s Fred. » « Did you say ‘red’? » « No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »

Speech Production Articulatory Processes? Example: « Stop screaming! » « What? Stop dreaming? » « I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »