Phonology Questions Comments Last minute Phonetics questions Phonetics

Phonology Questions? Comments? Last minute Phonetics questions?

Phonetics Slide 13 Phonology PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Consonants: Order of 3 -part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation

Phonetics Slide 21 Phonology English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)

Phonetics Slide 25 Phonology vowel words

Phonology Chapter 3 – Difficult! ØChapter 3 – Phonology ØChapter 3 Exercises: 4, 5, 7 (Due 4/24) Ø Click here or link below for better directions for Ex 4 and 5 – do not follow the directions in the book or you will be confused! Ø http: //web. pdx. edu/~connjc/Directions%20 for%20 LING%20390%20 Ch%203%20 Exx% 204%20 and%205. pdf ØProblem Set 2 (Due 4/29) – very tricky – look it over to make sure you don’t have any questions!

Phonology 1 Phonology Ø The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language. Ø Segments (phones, sounds) - what we learned from phonetics Ø Features - parts of phones Ø Syllables - putting phones together in a larger structure

Phonology 2 Phonology Ø Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds Ø(distinctive sounds, sounds in opposition) Ø Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p. 59) Ø Like 2 words that rhyme (minimal pairs test for consonants) Ø sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z]

Phonology 3 Phonology Ø Environment - the phonetic context in which a sound occurs Ø Near minimal pairs - like minimal pairs but environments aren’t entirely identical Ø Near minimal pairs used if minimal pairs can’t be found Minimal Pair sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z] Near Minimal Pair author and either show a meaningful difference between the segments

Phonology Practice Phonology 4 Phonology Ø Minimal Pairs Practice

Phonology Practice Phonology 5 Phonology Ø For each of the following pairs of English consonant phonemes, find a minimal pair /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /p/ /f/ /m/ /n/

Phonology 6 Phonology Ø Minimal pairs used to find phonemes Ø Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60) Ø Can’t always find MP for all phonemes in all environments Ø only occur in certain environments in English

Phonology 7 Phonology Ø English phonemes are shown on pages 60 -61 Ø Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why?

Phonology 8 Phonology Ø English phonemes are shown on pages 60 -61 Ø Note that there is no glottal stop or flap on the consonant chart - why? Ø What is considered a phoneme is language specific Ø If we say in English “do Len” we can change length of vowels and consonants and it’s doesn’t change the meanings of the words - Finnish no ØLength in Finnish contrastive for both cons and vowels

Phonology 9 Phonology Ø Systematic variation - predictable changes in segments in certain environments Ø Not all ls are the same - who was surprised? Only voiceless [l] occurs after voiceless stop, so it is predictable. No voiced [l] occurs in this environment.

Phonology 10 Phonology Ø When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution

Phonology 11 Phonology Ø When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution voiceless stop aspirated voiceless stop unreleased voiceless stop

Phonology 12 Phonology Ø Allophones - When two or more segments are phonetically distinct but phonologically the same (predictable variation). at the Daily Planet saving the world at Darcelle’s

Phonology 13 Phonology Ø Phonetic representation - shows allophones and all information about segments that is phonetically produced (manila folders) Ø Phonemic representation - only shows phoneme (green hanging file folder) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation /p/

Phonology 14 Phonology Ø English – one phoneme /p/ and allophones include [p] and [ph] Phonemic representation Phonetic representation /p/ [p] [ph] Ø Thai – 2 phonemes /p/ and /ph/ Phonemic representation /p/ /ph/ [p] [ph] Phonetic representation

Phonology 15 Phonology Ø Searching for generalizations about systematic variation of sounds In English, liquids and glides have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops, and voiced allophones elsewhere.

Phonology 16 Phonology ØComplementary Distribution - remember that the phoneme /p/ has 3 allophones: Environments Phonetic Environments Examples # ___ word initial ___ # word final s ___ after [s] ___ C before a consonants C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel V ___ V between two vowels V ___ # word-final after a vowel C ___ # word-final after a consonant

Phonology 17 Phonology

Phonology Practice 18 Phonology Practice Yes - minimal pairs 1 -7; 2 -8; 3 -9; 4 -10 so:

Phonology Practice Phonology 19 Phonology Practice Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial ___ # word final s ___ after [s] o ___ e between [o] and [e] Phonetic Environments ___ C before a consonant C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel V ___ V between two vowels V ___ # word-final after a vowel C ___ # word-final after a consonant

Phonology 20 Phonology organize your data

Phonology Practice Phonology 21 Phonology Practice Phonetic Environments # ___ word initial ___ # word final s ___ after [s] o ___ e between [o] and [e]

Phonology Practice Phonology 22 Phonology Practice Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately following sound (don’t generalize yet!) before [a], [o], [e], [o: ], word initially, etc elsewhere [t] [t. S] [ts] #_a o_o #_i #_u a_a #_e i_i u_u u_a #_o u_i a_u i_o: o_e all before [i] all before [u]

Phonology 23 Phonology • Underlying representation (UR) - the unpredictable phonological information represented in a phonemic representation (green folders) • Surface representations (PR) - the phonetic representations (manila folders) • We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR

Phonology Practice 24 Phonology Practice

Phonology 25 Phonology Review Ø The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language. Ø Phoneme - the idea of the sound and organizational unit for all its allophones - in yo’ head Ø Allophones - the phonetic realizations of the phoneme in certain phonetic environments - out yo’ mouth

Phonology 26 Phonology Review Ø Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1 segment found in the same position in each form (p. 59) ØMinimal pairs used to find phonemes Ø Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular language belong to separate phonemes (p. 60) ØWhen 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they are in complementary distribution

Phonology Practice 27 Phonology Practice Data from Zinacantec Tzotzil: Consider [p] and [p´] ; [k] and [k´] Are they separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme? [p´] and [k´] represent a glottalized sound, made with simultaneous closure of the glottis and constriction of the throat. (Consider them glottalized voiceless stops) ‘pot’ ‘small’ ‘my leg’ ‘to multiply’ ‘fire’ ‘jail’ They are separate phonemes! Proof = minimal pairs: 5 -12 & 3 -6 & 9 -11 AND near minimal pairs: 1 -7; 4 -10; for extra support

Phonology Practice 28 Phonology Practice Answer They are different phonemes. Why? Minimal pairs a/e, b/f and near minimal pair c/d

Phonology Practice 29 Phonology Practice Are they separate phonemes? No – then organize your data!

Phonology Practice 30 Phonology Practice What is the distribution? This is complementary distribution – allophones of the same phoneme! Which is the phoneme?

Phonology 31 Phonology Distinctive Features Ø Features - smaller than the segment (subsegment) Ø Characteristics of segments - voicing, place, manner, etc. Ø Natural classes - group of sounds that share feature(s) in common Ø Sound is characterized by a feature matrix Ø Purpose of features is to represent sounds as a set of phonetic properties, to capture natural classes, and to show nature of allophonic variation (not just random)

Phonology 32 Phonology Ø Obstruents - some sort of obstruction (fricatives, stops and affricates) Ø Sonorants - “singable” - liquids, glides, nasals and vowel

Phonology 33 Phonology Major class features

Phonology 34 Phonology Ø Major class features Ø [ consonantal] - major obstruction in vocal tract Ø obstruents, liquids, nasals (not h and ʔ) (not glides) Ø [ syllabic] - sounds that can act as syllables Ø vowels, and syllabic consonants (not glides) Ø [ sonorant] - singable sounds Ø vowels, glides, liquids and nasals (even if voiceless)

Phonology 35 Phonology Manner features Ø [ continuant] – sounds with free or nearly free airflow through oral cavity fricatives, liquids, glides and vowels (not stops, affricates (nasals included)) Ø [ delayed release] [ DR] – the release of a stop is slowed to create a fricative affricates only Ø [ nasal] – sounds produced with a lowered velum (through nasal passage) nasal stops and nasalized vowels Ø[ lateral] – sounds produced air flowing over sides of tongue only varieties of l are [+ lateral]

Phonology 36 Laryngeal features Ø [ voice] – vocal folds vibrating or not Ø [ spread glottis] [ SG] – aspirated sounds are [+ SG] Ø [ constricted glottis] [ CG] – sounds made with a closed glottis are [+ CG] In English, only glottal stop is [+ CG]

Phonology 37 Phonology Place o’ articulation features Ø Different from other features – only certain features apply to the 3 places Ø LABIAL – sounds made with at least one lip Ø CORONAL – sounds made with tongue tip or blade raised (front of tongue) Ø DORSAL – sounds made involving body of tongue

Phonology 38 Phonology Place o’ articulation features LABIAL Ø [ round] – sounds produced by protruding the lips [+ round] is [w]; [– round] is [p, b, f, v]

Phonology 39 Phonology

Phonology 40 Phonology Place o’ articulation features DORSAL (for vowels and some consonants) Ø [ high] – tongue body raised higher than a central position DORSAL consonants (velars and palatals) and high vowels Ø [ low] – tongue body lowered lower than a central position low vowels are [+ low]; others are [– low]; not for consonants in English Ø [ back] – produced with tongue body behind palatal region [+ back] velar consonants and back vowels are [+ back]; palatals and front vowels not Ø [ tense] – tense vowels are [+ tense]; lax vowels are [– tense] Ø [ reduced] – if the vowel is reduced, it is [+ reduced] (always for schwa)

Phonology 41 Consonants (C) LABIAL [+ high] CORONAL DORSAL [– strident] [– round] [+ strident] [+ back] [– anterior] [+ round]

Phonology 42 DORSAL Vowels (V) [+ tense] = LABIAL [+ high] [– low] [+ round] [– high] [– low] [– high] [+ low] [+ back] [– back]

Phonology 43 Phonology Consonants (C)

Phonology 44 Phonology Vowels (V)

Phonology Practice 45 Phonology Practice - Features In the following sets, all the sounds except one belong to the same natural class. One of these things is not like the others – which one is it? State the feature that the remaining sounds share. [+voice] or [-continuant] [+sonorant] or [-nasal] [-delayed release]

Phonology 46 Phonology Rule annotation: A B / X __ Y A becomes B in the environment between X and Y Rule annotation for deletion: A ø / X __ Y A is deleted in the environment between X and Y Rule annotation for epenthesis: ø A / X __ Y A is epenthesized (added) in the environment between X and Y

Phonology Practice Phonology 47 Phonology Practice Convert this statement into a rule: Voiced oral stops become voiceless at the beginning of words. –sonorant –continuant +voice -DR [–voice] / # ___ [b] [p] / # __

Phonology Practice Phonology 48 Phonology Practice Convert this rule into a statement: –sonorant +continuant –voice [+voice] / – consonantal +syllabic ___ –consonantal +syllabic

Phonology Practice Phonology 49 Phonology Practice Convert this rule into a statement: C +continuant –del rel +voice -sonorant [–voice] / V __ V Voiced fricatives become voiceless between vowels (intervocalically)

Phonology Practice 50 Phonology Practice

Phonology Practice 51 Phonology Practice

Phonology 52 Phonology Syllables • The grouping of one or more segments • A syllable consists of a sonorous element and its associated nonsyllabic (less sonorous) segments. {sonorous = “singable” - vowels, glides, liquids and nasals}

Phonology 53 Phonology Syllables Consisted of a Nucleus, Onset and Coda Nucleus + Coda = Rhyme (it’s what rhymes when we say 2 things rhyme!) Onset (O) Rhyme (R) Nucleus (N) Coda (C)

Phonology 54 Phonology Syllables Phonotactics - the set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern (language specific) {Gaps are shown with dashes} Labial + sonorant Coronal + sonorant Velar + sonorant [pl] please [tl] [kl] clean [pr] proud [tr] trade [kr] cream [tw] twin [kw] queen tune (Brit) [kj] cute [skl] sclerosis [skr] scrap [skw] squeak [skj] skew [pw] — [pj] pure [tj] [spl] splat [stl] [spr] spring [str] [spw] [spj] — spew [stw] [stj] — — strip — stew (Brit)

Phonology 55 Phonology

Phonology 56 Phonology Syllables Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’ 1) Identify the vowels (the nucleus of the syllable) and draw an association line from the vowel to the N to the R to the syllable (Greek sigma) Rhyme (R) Nucleus (N)

Phonology 57 Phonology Syllables Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’ 2) Form onset using the phonotactics of the language (you need to know the rules) and form the largest possible onset the language will allow R R N O N

Phonology 58 Phonology Syllables Drawing syllable trees: ‘expect’ 3) Form coda - connect what is left over as coda of preceding nucleus R R N C O N C

Phonology 59 Syllables Phonology Why are syllables important? Aspiration - voiceless stops aspirated syllable initially (when they are the only thing in the onset) and when they are not in the coda Why isn’t spit aspirated? Why isn’t p in upset aspirated?