PHONETICS Study of the physical properties of speechsounds

PHONETICS Study of the physical properties of speechsounds – how they are made – how they are heard – how they are transmitted PHONOLOGY Study of the linguistic properties of speech -sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual languages

PHONETICS Study of the physical properties of speech-sounds Articulatory Phonetics – how they are made Auditory Phonetics – how they are heard Acoustic Phonetics – how they are transmitted

PHONETICS Study of the physical properties of speechsounds – how they are made – how they are heard – how they are transmitted PHONOLOGY Study of the linguistic properties of speech -sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual languages

PHONETICS Universal: the study of the sounds produced in human speech PHONOLOGY Local: the study of the sound system of one single language or variety of language

The Talking White Male Head (Ladefoged p. 2) 5

Daniel Jones, 1918, An Outline of English Phonetics Frontispiece from the 9 th edition, 1972 6

7

BACK F RO NT CLOSE (HIGH) OPEN (LOW) 8

Phonetic symbols are shown in square brackets: [e] Phonological symbols are shown in slashes: /e/

phones phonemes allophones

phones phonemes allophones

phones sounds of language

Segments • How fine can you slice language? • • • sentence phrase word syllable letter. . . ? n o e d i l s e in h t e g w a e u i g v Re g Lan k …. n e i e c i l w S st r i f the

Letters ? cat rat cot cap

Letters ? cat rat cot cap

Letters ? cat coat caught k. Vt code keyed k. Vd right write r. Vt

Segments • How thin can you slice language? • • • sentence phrase word syllable phone. . . . letter

significant difference - different word cat cat rat cot cap non-significant different - change impossible top lip code stop milk cold

significant cat meaning cat non-predictable cat rat cot cap non-significant top lip structure code predictable stop milk cold

PHONEMES ALLOPHONES cat cat rat cot cap top lip code stop milk cold

phones are either: • phonemes significant sound differences meaning-based choice • allophones non-significant sound differences fixed choice

How can we tell whether a sound is a phoneme or an allophone? Minimal pairs kæt cat ræt rat kot cot kæp cap

Minimal pairs cat tight core nose Korea rat tide score knows career service surface kæt tait k. O(r) n 0 uz k 01 ri 0 ræt taid sk. O(r) n 0 uz k 01 ri 0 k 01 rir

Minimal pairs service surface show make ghost wail sew maid toast whale 1 s. Evis 1 s. Ervis 1 s. Ev 0 s S 0 u meik g 0 ust weil 1 s. Efis 1 s. Erfis 1 s. Ef 0 s s 0 u meid t 0 ust weil Weil

Minimal contexts pressure measure fission vision 1 pre. S 0 1 me. G 0 1 fi. S 0 n 1 vi. G 0 n

Allophones top pie care stop spy scare top pai ke 0 ker stop spai ske 0 sker

Allophones t. Hop stop p. Hai spai pie spy k. He 0 ske 0 care scare k. Her sker No free choice between p and p. H. Complementary distribution Compementary angles:

phoneme allophone / / [ ][ ]

phoneme allophone

from http: //www. hi. is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phonemes. html Usually, of course, the different ALLOPHONES of the same PHONEME are all similar to each other they form a FAMILY of sounds. But we mustn't fall into the trap of thinking that ALLOPHONIC difference is small while PHONEMIC difference is large. There is actually no real difference between these differences! We can see this by the fact that the same difference can be allophonic in one language, and phonemic in another.

seat sheet massive machine basic nation

She is fine as morn in May, mild, divine and clever. Like a shining summer’s day she is mine for ever. Sigurður Norland í Hindisvík

Mitsubishi Subaru

phoneme allophone Subaru Mitsubishi

this theatre

think this thought þ ð þ

þessi þýðing

þessi þýðing

The lateral - l lip yellow miller milk people

l http: //www. chass. utoronto. ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy. html l

phoneme allophone

The phoneme /l/ is light before a vowel, otherwise dark

The lateral - l lip yellow miller milk people

trouble follows the blameless milkman like a wealthy lawyer trÆbl fol 0 uz ð 0 bleimlis milkm 0 n laik 0 welþ^ l. Oj 0

lay play splay clay exclaim

(from week 6):

Does it follow k or p in a stressed syllable? Is it followed by a vowel? clay play yellow mill milk